Topic 4: Regenerating places Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
What is cumulative causation?
A
A process usually triggered by a new industry (often a TNC) Which attracts employees and supporting companies such as those involved with supplies, leisure and infrastructure.
2
Q
What are some advantages of cumulative causation?
A
- Good places get better
- There is a postive or upward spiral.
- Desirability attracts inward migration and investment.
3
Q
What are some disadvantages of cumulative causation?
A
- Could lead to a 2 tier economy
- Could lead to a skills shortage
- Growth occurs at the expense of another place.
4
Q
What factors show that a place is successful?
A
- High rates of employment
- Inward migration due to pull factors
- Low levels of deprivation
5
Q
What makes Hertford a successful place?
A
- Its proximity to London for jobs in the knowledge economy
- Regeneration and investment into Hertford such as Lea Wharf and Beam.
- Accessible- lots of transport links by car and train to local places and other large cities.
6
Q
What makes Manchester a successful place?
A
- BBC moved to Salford Quays, investment in the area creating jobs
- Accessible- lots of transport links by car and train to other local places and other large cities.
- Etihad regeneration and investment
- Immigration into the area.
7
Q
What makes Sydney a successful place?
A
- Its climate is a big pull factor- sunbelt city
- Inward migration- over 30% of residents born overseas, 250 langauges spoken.
- Part of an economically successful region with a high proportion of knowlesge economy jobs.
- In 2011, over 45000 businesses based in Sydney
- Has low levels of multiple deprivation
- Time zone allows business trading in US and Europe
- degregulation- allows any overseas banks to operate there.
- focuses countries inward migration policy on well qualified professionals.
8
Q
What are the issues for successful places?
A
- Rising property prices force low paid workers out.
- Creation of gated communities
- Prices rise in nearby commuter villages
- Some rural areas decline due to out migration.
9
Q
What is a spiral of decline?
A
Likely to be some kind of trigger factor like deindustrilisation that kick starts the decline and then overtime there is an increasing index of multiple deprivation score.
10
Q
Middlesborugh declining town case study
A
- Struggled with the consequences of deindustrilisatio since the 1980’s.
- Around 20000 people have left the town since 1990.
- Many small scale businesses and services were forced to close after large chain sotres closed due to decline in customers.
- 2015 closure of the SSI steelworks caused further decline.
- Local unemployment rate is almost twice the national average.
- In 30% of the towns working age households there is no one in paid employment.
- Income has lummeted meaning residents cant move house or change jobs
- Contains some of the most deprived wards in the UK
- Antisocial behaviour, dumping of waste
- Low ofsted ratings
11
Q
What are the major concerns in Middlesbrough?
A
- Sink estates in comparison to relative affluence in gated community, owner occupied hosuing estates.
- Gap is educational attainment (half of all students attend schools that reuqire improvment)
- Closure of the SSI steelworks and loss of jobs in the area.
12
Q
What are the main priorities for regeneration in Middlesbrough?
A
- Protect and enhance sports facilities e.g Middlesbrough college.
- Regenerate greater middlehaven. Invest £215 million to create 1500 new jobs, 100 new homes, new police headquarters and waterside office develeopments.
- Build new high quality housing.
13
Q
How can levels of engagement be measured?
A
- Local and national election turnout
- Development and support for local community groups.
Local evenst such as food markets or allotments. taking part in protests agaisnt planned developments, e.g Hoddesdon incinerator.
14
Q
What is voter apathy?
A
Lack of interest in voting, happens as people become more removed from the centre of power.
15
Q
What are the causes of voter apathy?
A
- lack of engagement with local issues
- Geographical distance from power base
- lack of engagment with national issues
- A feeling that the system does not benefit them.
16
Q
How did nation election decline in the UK
A
82.6% in 1951 to 66.1% in 2015
17
Q
What are the factors that explain the variation in political engagement?
A
- Language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants
-Lack of trust in politicians, strongest among the young and some ethnic minority groups
-Feeling that one has no influence, strongest among minorities
-Lack of belonging to a community giving a feeling of isolation.
18
Q
What were the variations in the turnout of the UK 2015 election
A
In the 2015 UK general election 66.1% of voters who could vote, did. There were large variations in the turnout:
-78% of people aged over 65 voted, compared to only 43% of people aged 18-24.
Turnout is the lowest in deprived inner cities and higher in wealthy suburbs and commuter belt rural areas.
Professional and managerial turnout was 75%, whereas among manual workers it was only 57%.
Only 55% of ethnic minorities groups chose to vote.
19
Q
What factors affect a persons lived experiences and attachment to a place?
A
- Age
-Gender
-Ethnicity - Length of residence
-Deprivation- living in rented accomodation
-Medias portrayal of a place - whether a government and private business policies, programmes and projects are successful for a particiualr person.
20
Q
How does age affect a persons lived experience and attachement?
A
- Older people tend to be more attached as have lived there for longer.
- Retired people have the time in engage in the local community e.g clubs or volunteering.
- Couples with young families are engaged as they are a part of parent groups.
- Younger people leave areas for uni and jobs so are less attached.
21
Q
How does ethnicity affect a persons lived experience and attachment?
A
- Language barriers might lead to less engagement.
- Temporary migration leads to lower levels of attachment.
- Strong attachment when communities are clustered together e.g brick Lane
22
Q
How does gender affect a persons lived experience and attachment?
A
- Woemn often feel less safe in certain situations and environments.
- ## Lived experiences can impact attachment
23
Q
How does length of residence affect a persons experience and attachment?
A
- The longer someone lives in a place the more attached they will be.
- Lived experiences are linked to place- higher levels of attachment.
- Temporary residents e.g students are less engaged.
24
Q
How does level of deprivation affect a persons experience and attachment?
A
- If people are less satisfied with a place they will be less engaged.
- High deprivation leads to fewer community opportunities.
- Can be close knit communities in high deprivation areas
- Feelings of resentment lead to not voting or resentment.
- More time working can lead to less engagement.
25
How does regeneration reduce engagment?
- It is a top down plan so local people dont tend to have a say
- Schemes are measured by economic impacts not social impacts
- groups disagree about who regeneration is for
26
Causes of the London riots?
- Poor relationships between police and the black community in Tottenham.
- Social and economic inequalities
- High youth unemployment.
- Increased uni tuition fees
- Weak police response
- Unusually warm summer
27
Regeneration in Tottenham
- haringey has some of the highest unemployment in the city
- Overcrowded housing and gangs
- by 2025 it will have over 10000 new quality houses and 5000 new jobs
- Scale of transformation will be equivalant to a new town.
- 1bn dollars of investment
- Between march 2011-2016 employment rates rose from 56.7% to 68.7%.
28
What were the aims of Hs2
- To reduce travel times between major uk cities and rebalance the economy by supporting northen cities.
- Predicted to boost regional economies by attracting businesses and imrpvong commuter options
29
Pros and cons of HS2
- Low carbon
- Improves journey times
- 6000 construction jobs
- Planned route passes through Chilterns AONB
- No intermediate stations so communities en route will not benefit
- Destruction of natural woodland and homes
30
Aims of the Heathrow expansion.
- Job creation and business growth in the south east
- Increases capacity and boosts londons global competitiveness.
31
Pros and cons of airport expansion
- Benefits passengers and boosts economy by up to £61bn
- Create up to 77000 jobs by 2030
- strengthens international trade links
- Unacceptable levels of noise and air pollution for locals
- 700 extra planes a day
- 761 homes demolished
32
Aims of planning laws such as the greenbelt
- To restrict urban sprawl
- Forces developers to build on brownfield sites
-
33
Pros and cons of greenbelt
- Encourages regeneration of brownfield sites
- Keeps agricultural land and the environment safe
- Need for more affordable homes in the southe east and london
- Cost of land is higher, if 5% of the greenbelt could be built on it would reduce the cost of land and housing.
34
Aims of housing affordibility?
- Policies like help buy aim to make housing more accessible especially for first time buyers.
35
Pros and cons of housing affordibility projects
Local councils often advocate for affordable housing, but national targets may prioritise large-scale developments over community needs.
Affordability Issues: Even when targets are met, many new homes are unaffordable for local residents, leading to criticism of regeneration projects.
Example: Critics argue that new developments in Stratford after the Olympics focused too heavily on luxury apartments.
36
Aims of house building targets
National policies push for house building targets to meet demand
The government’s ambition: Build 300,000 homes per year by the mid-2020s
37
Pros and cons of house building targets
Demand of housing decreases making it more affordable, more space for skilled workers to contribute to the economy.
Local existing community concerned about impact on service e.g. schools, doctors. Pressure on local environment.
38
What is deregulation?
Reduction in rules which means that any foreign businesses can set up in the UK.
Involves the 2 changes:
1. Instead of the London Stock Exchange having a monopoly on all share dealings, any bank, financial advisor or even individuals could trade in shares. It opened up the freedom of individuals to invest
2. Barriers stopping overseas banks and other financial institutions from setting up offices in London were removed. Until then, only UK banks could trade there.
The results transformed the UK’s economy - banking, finance and business services now account for 30% of the UK’s GDP (compared to 15.5% in 1986).
The London Docklands regeneration also created space for these expanding financial institutions to set up large offices in Canary Wharf.
39
How have deregualtion policies impacted the London docks
- Canary Wharf has lots of banks and knowledge economy jobs
- 100,000 commuters a day
- 325000 work in the city
- New infrastructure, jubille line goes there, london city airport
- older people have moved out
- ethnic diversity due to immigration
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