Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ4

Question 1

Explain the aim of regeneration?

Answer 1

aim of regeneration is to create a legacy of increased income and employment, and decrease poverty and deprivation

Multiple measures needed to judge regeneration projects

Question 2

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at economic factors?

Answer 2

• income
• poverty
• employment
• housing prices

data comes from census data, neighbourhood statistics and current data

Question 3

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at social factors?

Answer 3

• reduction in inequality
• reduction in deprivation
• demographic changes - increased life expectancy, reduced health deprivation
• education, skills and training deprivation
• crime
• barriers to housing and services

Question 4

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at environmental factors?

Answer 4

• reduced pollution levels
• reduction in abandoned and derelict land

Question 5

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at economic factors?

Answer 5

• census data
• neighbourhood statistics
• historical and current data

Question 6

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at social factors?

Answer 6

• interviews
• newspaper accounts
• social media

Question 7

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at environmental factors?

Answer 7

• photography compassion with historical photos
• environmental quality surveys and pollution indicators

Question 8

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at economic factors?

Answer 8

Pros
- quantifiable (all numerical) - easily compare places and look for patterns
- clear data, census happens every 10 years

Cons
- employment could be filled by external workers, might not improve the actual area + sleeper villages exist
- data from the census may be outdated - not every year
- depends on the scheme science park will attract many high earners compared to a housing scheme

Question 9

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at social factors?

Answer 9

Pros
- subjective - takes into account opinions
- Adds context to data
- Looking at before and after indicators will help measure ‘success’

Cons
- how reliable is it?
- Mostly qualitative and therefore subjective

Question 10

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at environmental factors?

Answer 10

Pros
- visual measure - easy to see where regeneration is needed and how an area changes
- data will vary between main roads and rest of area

Cons
- some data is qualitative and therefore subjective
- compound data

Question 11

Explain how the area of Barking and Dagenham has changed - focus on economic factors?

Answer 11

• 1960s - ford employed 40,0000 people at its Dagenham plant and council re-housing schemes offered residents good housing
• 2002 - ford ended car assembly - robots operate most of the work at reaming factory (only employs 3200 workers)
  giant pharmaceutical company also ended production

Question 12

Outline deprivation in Barking and Dagenham?

Answer 12

• after fords decline it has left a legacy of deprivation (economic employment, social health and environmental) - became 22nd most deprived in England in 2004 and 9th in 2015
• 27% residents earning below living wage
• unemployment rate was just 4.5%
• education levels low

Question 13

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on Beam park?

Answer 13

• located on land previously occupied by Ford - will create 40,000 m^2 of workplaces
• a premier inn and a pub already employ local residents (provides easy accessibility to work)

Question 14

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on barking town centre?

Answer 14

1960s was a concrete town centre in dire need of refurbishment for retail, commercial and new residential spaces

2014 - over 400 homes and 1000m^2 of commercial space has been created (social) - provides housing which will increase migration into the area

Question 15

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on the Gascoigne estate?

Answer 15

Most deprived housing estate in the borough - regeneration will provide 1500 new homes by 2024 + new schools, community centre, retail/office spaces and an outdoor leisure space

• will encourage migration due to services available + school/leisure centre will provide jobs and encourage higher level of education (tier 3 and 4 qualifications)

Question 16

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on barking riverside?

Answer 16

• site of former power station (Londons largest regeneration site)
• plans for 7 new residential neighbourhoods - will create 11,000 new homes + 5 schools + health centres + places of worship + community facilities
• 65,000 m^2 of commercial, retail and leisure space - should create 6000 jobs

Question 17

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on Dagenham docks?

Answer 17

• industrial site - includes 200 fuel and chemical tanks and derelict land

Now a sustainable business area (plastic bottle recycling company - 10% of UK’s plastic bottles - and an biogas production plant)

Question 18

Describe the pattern of deprivation with Barking and Dagenham?

Answer 18

• higher level of deprivation around centre (greatest % of household deprivation around Albion and further north around Valence - 10.8-14.7%)
• much lower employment compared to London (3.2 compared to 8.3)
• higher number of skilled trades in the area compared to London (21.2% to 8.3%)

Question 19

Provide some statistics for the comparison of deprivation within Barking and Dagenham with London?

Answer 19

• lower employment in Barking and Dagenham then in London (3.2 compared to 8.3)
• 2013 B and D have 30% of employees in higher income jobs compared to London which has 50%
• High number of skilled trades in the area (eg electrians) compared to London 21.2% London is 8.3%

Question 20

Outline and explain the environmental quality within Barking and Dagenham - give 3 points?

Answer 20

• council lobbying for new rail based transport infrastructure (includes new jobs) - improves accessibility - direct link between barking and Stratford will enhance connectivity to this important regional hub
• aiming to improve footpaths, signage and directions - encourage people to walk which reduces carbon emissions (**developed ‘just walk’ scheme)
• beam park - building new buildings and infrastructure on the old abandoned ford factories - regenerating derelict land

Question 21

Outline the types of investment used in urban regeneration?

Answer 21

• private investment
• public sector investment
• public-private partnership

Question 22

Give an example of private investment into urban regeneration?

Answer 22

Retail-led regeneration in Stratford Westfield - Australian company Westfield owns 50% of the development and rent out the other spaces to retail companies (recovers cost of development)

Question 23

Give an example of public investment into urban regeneration?

Answer 23

sport-led regeneration in London - Government bid for Olympics and supported by the London Assembly and London Mayor - £9.3 billion to host and costs were recovered through ticketing (made profit)

Question 24

Give an example of public-private partnership into urban regeneration?

Answer 24

Example is the London docklands
partnership between the government (who gave the land and financial grants) and property developers who created buildings,jobs and housing

Question 25

Explain the role of strategies?

Answer 25

Aim to get the best value for money out of the investment - eg private investment for governments are beneficial as areas improve without them having to spend any money

Question 26

Explain why the public, not private sector funded the London olympics?

Answer 26

Public sector is involved in the investment of large projects like infrastructure (HS2) and major national events which are viewed as too costly or risky by the private sector - focused on serving the public’s interests and views by providing something

Question 27

Explain why the private, not public sector funded Westfield shopping centre?

Answer 27

Westfield centre is funded by the private sector as it is aimed at benefitting one or more than one company or partner it would not involve the tax payers money - so can be developed however the company directors and shareholders want - serves the company’s interests not those of the public

Question 28

Outline fully public investment strategy - players involved, when its used pros and cons?

Answer 28

- involves government officials and local councils - used for any infrastructure/public services that are viewed as too risky by private (expected income will be lower than costs) - eg HS2, London olympics and NHS - provides services where its most needed, not just where profit will be made - can be slow with inaccurate budgeting

Question 29

Outline fully private investment strategy - players involved, when its used pros and cons?

Answer 29

- involves companies and shareholders - used for expansion of companies or products and to benefit a company - for example companies sharing research for products - can help bring costs down but serves the companies interests rather than those of the public

Question 30

Outline the major features of the 2012 Olympic park - give 5?

Answer 30

- Olympic stadium hosts major sport competitions + aquatics centres host swimming events - 560 acres of parkland, provide trails, play areas and cycling routes - home to media centre - features BT sport - the orbit - viewing platform which provides fires of London (tourist)

Question 31

Explain why their is a disadvantage with rural regeneration - use Cornwall as an exmaple?

Answer 31

- lower average incomes - lower population density - hard to maintain sufficient customers to make a profit (private investors prefer to invest in rural) - for example in Cornwall which has experienced a ‘brain drain’ majority of young well-qualified residents forced to leave to find work in urban areas

Question 32

Give evidence for the lack of regeneration in Cornwall - a rural area?

Answer 32

- had England’s lowest full-time average earnings (77% of UK average) - 20% of Cornwall’s working-age pop earn less than living wage Public-investment (government and EU) used to regenerate Cornwall - under model called objective one

Question 33

Explain objective ones impact on Cornwall?

Answer 33

- backed 580 projects in Cornwall with 280 million - Cornish economy grew 5.8% (greater than UK average)

Question 34

Outline some of the key players involved in Cornwalls regeneration?

Answer 34

- **EU** - offered funding - **UK central government agencies** - made investment grants - **local government** - public sector (NHS and council) is regions largest employer, offered start-up funding for businesses - **environmental stakeholders** - scenery and environment encourage tourism (biggest industry in region) and area has huge potential for renewables (wave and wind projects)

Question 35

Explain how combined universities in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

Answer 35

Cornwall university and exerted joined to created combined universities - increases range of available courses to develop a ‘knowledge economy’ - also helps graduates set up businesses and secure local jobs in tech (helps stop ‘Cornish brain drain’) - supports local economy of bars and restaurants

Question 36

Explain how the project - wave hub in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

Answer 36

- wave-power research project off the coast - will earn 76 million and create 200 jobs - offers potential creation of new-wave power industry for Cornwall

Question 37

Explain how the superfast broadband in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

Answer 37

- 95% of region has access to fibre broadband - costs 132 million - encourages business and home working - created 2000 jobs - economic impacts of around 200 million a year

Question 38

Give 4 regeneration projects in Cornwall?

Answer 38

- combined universities - wave hub - super-fast broadband - Eden project

Question 39

Give 4 benefits of Cornwall Eden project on the region?

Answer 39

- generated a billion pounds for the economy - attracted 13 million visitors - employs 650 people directly and supports local supplies - increased tourism (helped reduced seasonal tourism) and overall profile of Cornwall

Question 40

Outline some of the key players in the 2012 London games - give 43

Answer 40

- **UK central government agency** - oversaw the development of the Olympic park - **local government - elected council** - helped promote local regeneration - **stakeholders in local economy** - site of Olympic venues was former industrial estate, 5000 people had to be moved and compensated

Question 41

Outline some of the negatives and points of controversy with the London Olympic park - give 4?

Answer 41

- venue - were on site of former industrial estate (5000 had to be moved and compensated) workers faced longer commutes - housing was supposed to be affordable - attractiveness of area raised house prices - athletes village on site of former housing estate - 450 residents had to be moved and relocated, breaking up the community (were supposed to return) - initial plan to convert 3000 units of athletes village into affordable housing cut to 800