Topic 4: The Rise of Filipino Patriotism

Question 1

___ is a deep and often passionate love, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country. It involves a strong sense of attachment and pride in one’s nation, its history, culture, values, and people.

Answer 1

Patriotism

Question 2

The rise of Filipino patriotism from ____ refers to a significant period in Philippine history during the 19th century when Filipino intellectuals and religious figures began to assert their national identity and demand reforms in the face of Spanish colonial rule—this period laid the foundation for later movements for independence and self-determination.

Answer 2

Varela to Burgos

Question 3

For 256 years, Filipinas was ruled by the Spanish crown indirectly via a viceroyalty system called the ____ or ____.

Answer 3

Virreinato de Nueva España or the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Question 4

True or False

This direct rule was the start of real Spanish oppression, i.e., discrimination. But this discrimination was more racial than racist, and it was directed toward the indios or natives (Tagálog, Cebuano, Ilocano, etc.) not toward fellow Spaniards.

Answer 4

False

This direct rule was the start of real Spanish oppression, i.e., discrimination. But this discrimination was more racial than racist, and it was directed not toward the indios or natives (Tagálog, Cebuano, Ilocano, etc.) but toward fellow Spaniards.

Question 5

An _____ was a Spaniard born and bred in our country.

Answer 5

Insular

Question 5

The ____ was a Spaniard born in Spain.

Answer 5

Peninsular

Question 6

There was a sense of cultural and social division between the two groups (peninsualers and insulares), with peninsulares sometimes viewing insulares as _____.

Answer 6

inferior and less deserving of privileges

Question 7

Who were the people involved in the rise of Filipino patriotism? (4)

Answer 7

1. Luis Rodriguez-Varela
2. Mariano Gomez
3. Jose Burgos
4. Jacinto Zamora

Question 8

____ was a Filipino priest who advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church.

Answer 8

Luis Rodríguez Varela or Jose Varela (February 17, 1768 - 1826)

Question 9

Jose Varela was recognized as ____.

Answer 9

“El Condo Filipino,” which meant the Filipino count

Question 10

As a Criolo and an ilustrado, Jose Varela pursued his education in ____ and subsequently authored a series of books promoting ____ in the Philippines.

Answer 10

France

societal transformation

Question 11

What influenced Jose Varela’s works?

Answer 11

1. Enlightenment Ideals
2. The French Revolution

Question 12

What was Jose Varela’s contribution to the rise of Filipino patriotism?

Answer 12

Jose Varela advocated for church reforms. He focused on the secularization of parishes. It would have transferred control of parishes from the Spanish friars (regular clergy) to the native Filipino clergy (secular clergy).

Question 13

The reforms by Jose Varela aimed to address several key issues which include: (3)

Answer 13

1. Empowerment of Secular Clergy - by giving them more responsibilities and decision-making authority.
2. Reduction of Religious Order’s Influence - by limiting their power and control over various aspects of the Church’s operations.
3. Efficiency and Accountability - streamlining administrative processes and improving the overall functioning of the Church; ensuring that clergy and Church institutions were more transparent and responsible in their actions and decisions.

Question 14

How did Varela advocate secularization?

Answer 14

1. Writing and Correspondence - written materials could have been addressed to higher-ranking clergy, Spanish authorities, or influential figures within the Church; he might have articulated his arguments for the importance of secularization, the need for reducing the influence of religious orders, and the benefits of empowering the secular clergy.
2. Engagement with Fellow Clergy - could have engaged in discussions and conversations with fellow clergy who shared his views on secularization.
3. Preaching and Sermons - might have used biblical references and theological arguments to support his views on the empowerment of secular clergy and the need to reduce the influence of religious orders.

Question 15

____ was a collaborator and supporter of Varela’s ideas for social and economic reform in the Philippines. Together, they worked towards these goals.

Answer 15

Jose Ortega

Question 16

Why were Jose Varela, Jose Ortega, and other like-minded individuals expelled from the Philippines n 1823?

Answer 16

They were accused of conspiring against the colonial authorities, as their ideas and actions were perceived as threats to Spanish rule.

1. Varela, Ortega, and their associates were proponents of Church reforms, often referred to as “secularization.” These reforms aimed to reduce the influence of religious orders in the Philippines and empower the secular clergy.
2. Many of these reformists were influenced by liberal and anti-colonial ideas that were spreading during the early 19th century. Their advocacy for greater local control and autonomy in religious matters could be seen as a threat to the Spanish colonial administration’s authority.
3. The Spanish government became more repressive in its efforts to maintain control in its overseas colonies. Expelling individuals who were seen as advocates of reform and potential agents of political change was a part of this strategy.

Question 17

What is GomBurZa?

Answer 17

The combined surnames of three Filipino Catholic priests:

1. Mariano Gomez (August 2, 1799-February 17, 1872)
2. Jose Burgos (February 9, 1837-February
   17, 1872)
3. Jacinto Zamora (August 14, 1835-February 17, 1872)

Question 18

When and where were Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora (GomBurZa) executed?

Answer 18

February 17, 1872
Bagumbayan, Philippines

Question 19

On what charges were GomBurZa executed by Spanish colonial authorities?

Answer 19

On charges of subversion arising from the Cavite mutiny (1872). They were falsely accused of being the masterminds behind the mutiny, which led to their arrest, trial, and subsequent execution.

Question 20

Briefly explain the Cavite mutiny (1872).

Answer 20

Occurring on January 20, 1872, in Cavite, Filipino soldiers and workers, known as “Katipuneros,”rebelled against oppressive Spanish policies at the local arsenal. However, the poorly organized mutiny was swiftly suppressed by Spanish authorities, resulting in the arrest, trial, and execution of many Katipuneros. This event highlighted the need for a more coordinated effort for independence, contributing to the broader struggle that would lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and eventual independence in 1898.

Question 21

What happened on February 17, 1872, under the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?

Answer 21

On February 17, 1872, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed by garrote, a form of execution- more so by strangulation, in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) in Manila. Their execution was carried out in a highly publicized manner.

Question 22

Jose Rizal dedicated his novel ___ to the memory of the GomBurZa priests.

Answer 22

Noli Me Tangere