Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC182 - Foundations in Clinical Procedures > Topic 4 : Ultrasounds and Endoscopes > Flashcards

Topic 4 : Ultrasounds and Endoscopes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ultrasound and how does it work?

A

An ultrasound is a computer - an ultrasound probe is connected, which transmits and receives ultrasounds waves using a row of vibrating crystals, which are sequences by the computer so that when the prove receives these ultrasound waves following transmission into the tissue, a lice image is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are A-mode ultrasounds used in veterinary medicine?

A

N, is is not practical for diagnostic veterinary medicine as it does not give a picture of the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common mode of ultrasounds in veterinary practices?

A

B- Mode ultrasounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does B-mode stand for

A

Brightness mode in which every echo received is transformed into a dot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the case of a strong echo (ie bouncing off bone) in ultrasounds will the dot be bright or dark?

A

The dot will be bright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the case of a weak echo (ie continuing on through fluid) in ultrasounds will the dot be bright or dark?

A

The dot will be dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an M-mode ultrasound

A

M-mode stands for motion, and it allows us to compare movement in tissue over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is M-mode used for

A

It is commonly used to examine the heart and foetal heart, and to provide heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In an M-mode ultrasound what measurement do the vertical dots and horizontal dots represent?

A

Vertical dots represent 1cm

Horizontal dots represent 0.5 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a doppler ultrasound

A

Doppler ultrasound is a technique used to measure the flow of blood through your arteries and blood vessels—usually those in your extremities. Vascular flow studies, also known as blood flow studies, can detect abnormal flow within a blood vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define hypoechoeic and what dot it will produce on an ultrasound

A

‘low echo’ producing tissue - the echo is weak, therefore the dot is dark (fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define hyperchoeic and what dot it will produce on an ultrasound

A

‘high echo’ producing tissue - the echo is strong, therefore the dot is bright (bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define echogenic

A

tissue that generates an echo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the basic range of ultrasound probes

A

3MHz
5MHz
7.5MHz
10MHz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3MHz probes used for?

A

examining deep objects such as hearts and abdominal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 5MHz probes used for?

A

Commonly used in equine work and general reproductive work along with general diagnostic scanning for colic, lung pathology ect.

Too large to provide fine detail for tendons, joints and liagments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 7MHz probes used for?

A

Provide fine detail for tendons and con pick up minute pathology close to the surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do linear probes emit?

A

Ultrasound wave in a line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do Curvilinear probes emit?

A

Ultrasound waves in a curved line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do sector emit probes emit?

A

Waves through a narrow window..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the gain part of an ultrasound machine do?

A

– gain increases the power to the probe. This increase in power results in an increase in brightness of the returning echoes. Gain should be set at the lowest power possible, to obtain adequate detail of near and far tissue. If it is set too high, adequate detail is lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does fluid appear in an ultrasound?

A

Fluid is hypocechoeic and appears black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does air appear in an ultrasound?

A

Air is hyperechoeic and produces reverberation artefact, so air show is horizontal lines echoing continually backwards and forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does tissue appear in an ultrasound?

A

Tissue is moderately hypoechoeic, is echogenic and produces shades of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does fat appear in an ultrasound?

A

Fat is hypoechoeic and appears black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the heart?

A

Left lateral recumbency (heart vied from underneath through a ‘window’ cut in the table )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the Kidney (right)?

A

Left lateral recumbency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the heart?

A

Right lateral recumbency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the liver?

A

Dorsal Recumbancy

30
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the spleen?

A

Right lateral recumbancy

31
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the bladder?

A

Standing, dorsal or lateral recumbency

32
Q

What position do you put the patient in for an ultrasound of the prostate?

A

Dorsal or lateral recumbancy

33
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the heart?

A

Usually 3-6 intercostal spaces between sternum and costochondral junction. Best site at apex beat.

34
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the kidney (right)?

A

Below sub-lumbar muscles over the last two intercostal spaces

35
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the kidney (left)?

A

Below sub-lumbar muscles caudal to the last rib

36
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the liver?

A

Mid-ling, from costal arch to umbilicus extending several centimeters from mid-line

37
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the spleen?

A

Wide area from twelfth intercostal space to umbilicus usually from left flank to mid-line region or along left flank

38
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the bladder?

A

Medline between public brim and umbilicus

39
Q

Where would you clip when taking an ultrasound of the prostate?

A

Immediately cranial to pubic brim and to one side of prepuce

40
Q

How would you view the heart with an ultrasound?

A

The heart i surrounded by air-filled lungs (preventing visualisation) so imaging of the heart is restricted to three windows between the lung lobes

41
Q

What are the three windows used to view the heart in an ultrasound?

A
  • Right 4th to 5th intercostals space, between the sternum and costochondral junction.
  • Left 5th to 7th intercostals space, close to the sternum
  • Left 3rd to 4th intercostals space between the sternum and costochondral junction.
42
Q

Why would you use the doppler ultrasound on the heart?

A

To measure the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart to determine if the heart is functioning normally

43
Q

What organs are commonly inspected with an ultrasound?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • kidneys
  • bladder
  • prostate
44
Q

Can focal lesions be seen through ultrasounds?

A

Focal lesion may be seen if they are large enough. Approximately 5-10mm in diameter or larger will be seen.

45
Q

What is indirect ultrasounds guided biopsy?

A

Where the ultrasound is used to identify the lesion and assess the depth and angle of needle insertion required to sample the lesion.
Once this is achieved the ultrasound probe is removed and the needle is inserted freehand.

46
Q

What does freehand puncture involve?

A

It involved holding the transducer in one hand and biopsy instrument in the other. Used ultrasonic visulisation, the needle is positioned at the desired site.
It is difficult to keep the needle under constant visulisation and this technique may require considerable practice.

47
Q

How do you use needle guidance systems?

A
  • easiest technique
  • probe fitted with a needle guide that directs the biopsy needle down a specific track within view of the ultrasound scan
  • some machines will even display the proposed needle pathway superimposed on the image on the screen
48
Q

Can a uterus on a non-pregnant bitch be seen through ultrasonography?

A

No

49
Q

What changes in the testes can ultrasonography detect?

A

Neoplasia, torsion or infection

50
Q

Define neoplasia

A

the presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue

51
Q

Other than pregnancy what can ultrasonography detect on females reproductive systems?

A

Detection of cysts and tumors of the ovaries

Uterine neoplasia

52
Q

What are endoscopes?

A

Endoscopes are expensive and delicate pieces of equipment used to visually examine the internal structure of an animal via an orifice.

53
Q

Define orifice

A

an opening, particularly one in the body such as a nostril or the anus

54
Q

What is a felxible endoscope used for?

A

Used for gastrointestinal endoscopy, colonoscopy and bronchoscopy

55
Q

What is a rigid endoscope used for?

A

Rhinoscopy, cystoscopy, laparoscopy, orthoscopy, vaginoscopy and thoracoscopy

56
Q

Define Rhinoscopy

A

examination of the nasal passages.

57
Q

Define cystoscopy

A

is a procedure used to see inside your urinary bladder and urethra

58
Q

Define laparoscopy

A

a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale surgery.

59
Q

Define orthoscopy

A

surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision

60
Q

define thoracoscopy

A

procedure involving internal examination, biopsy, and/or resection of disease or masses within the pleural cavity and thoracic cavity

61
Q

What are the three parts of a flexible endoscope?

A
  • Glass fibre bundles contained within a protective tubing
  • A light source
  • A water source
62
Q

How does an endoscope work?

A

Light passes from the light source down the glass fibres to illuminate the tissue under observation. The water is used to keep the lens clean.

63
Q

What are the endoscope sizes for dogs?

A

Dogs: 1 metre long, 9.2mm diameter, 2.8mm biopsy channel (GIF XQ200)

64
Q

What are the endoscope sizes for cats?

A

Cats: 1 metre long, 7.9mm diameter, 2mm biopsy channel (GIF XP20)

65
Q

What are the endoscope sizes for horses?

A

Horses: custom made (3 metres long)

66
Q

What three things should you never do with an endoscope when cleaning it?

A
  • Immerse it completely in water
  • Place is hot air oven
  • Drop, kink or knock the glass tubing
67
Q

Should an endoscope be kept in a carry case?

A

No, this can damage the optical fibres.

It should be hung in a dry well ventillated and secure place

68
Q

What is a laparoscope?

A

A form of a rigid endoscope - allows the surgeon to view the contents of the abdominal cavity

69
Q

What is a laparoscope used for?

A

To perform key-hole surgical procedures

70
Q

Name the 3 key-hole incisions used for a laparotomy surgical site:

A
  1. To insert the laparoscopic viewer
  2. To insert the insufflators
  3. To insert the laparoscopic surgical instruments – eg scalpel, cautery, clamps/haemostats, scissors, etc
71
Q

What is an arthroscope?

A

a rigid endoscope used for examining and performing surgical procedures within joints

72
Q

What are the functions of an arthroscope?

A

confirmed diagnosis of articular cartilage damage and osteoarthritis, confirmed diagnosis of cruciate ligament rupture, and repair or removal of meniscle tears

Other uses for rigid endoscopes include vaginoscopy, thoracoscopy and rhinoscopy

ASC182 - Foundations in Clinical Procedures (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions