topic 4.1

Question 1

define cancer

Answer 1

a generic term describing any condition where abnormal cells divide and invade other tissues

Question 2

the process of new, but abnormal cellular growth. this term can refer to benign or malignant

Answer 2

neoplasm

Question 3

generic term for any growth, swelling or neoplasm

Answer 3

tumour

Question 4

study of malignant tumours

Answer 4

oncology

Question 5

a suffix which means benign tumour

Answer 5

‘_oma’

Question 6

a gene that controls normal cell growth and proliferation

Answer 6

proto-oncogene

Question 7

a mutated gene which after mutating can contribute to abnormal cell growth (neoplasm)

Answer 7

oncogene

Question 8

a tumour that is very invasive and tends to spread

Answer 8

malignant

Question 9

malignancy of epithelial tissue

Answer 9

carcinoma

Question 10

malignancy of connective tissue

Answer 10

sarcoma

Question 11

generic term referring to inability of a tumour to metastasise

Answer 11

benign

Question 12

the spread of cancerous cells from a primary tumour to a distant region

Answer 12

metastasise

Question 13

a prefix, meaning arising from glandular tissue

Answer 13

‘adeno_’

Question 14

the development of new capillaries in the tumour

Answer 14

angiogenesis

Question 15

any substance that has the potential to carcinogenesis

Answer 15

carcinogen

Question 16

the process of initiating cancer

Answer 16

carcinogenesis

Question 17

an examination of tissue removed from living body to discover the presence, cause or extent of neoplasm

Answer 17

biopsy

Question 18

the state of absence of disease activity in patients known to have a chronic illness that cannot be cured. commonly used to refer to absence of active cancer

Answer 18

remission

Question 19

sever tissue wasting

Answer 19

cachexia

Question 20

what is the cell cycle?

Answer 20

the process of cell division that allows body to grow and repair

Question 21

what is mitosis?

Answer 21

the process of dividing the duplicated DNA of a cell into two new nuclei

Question 22

name and explain the first stage of mitosis

Answer 22

prophase: the DNA condenses into visible chromosomes (the classic chromosome structure), and the nucleolus disappears

Question 23

name and explain the second stage of mitosis

Answer 23

prometaphase: microtubules attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochore

Question 24

name and explain the third stage of mitosis

Answer 24

metaphase: sister chromatids align at the centre of the cell so both chromatids face toward opposite poles of the cell

Question 25

name and explain the fourth stage of mitosis

Answer 25

anaphase: chromosomes separate. the microtubules attached to kinetochores shorten which pulls chromatids apart

Question 26

name and explain the fifth stage of mitosis

Answer 26

telophase: nuclear membranes reappear around the two sets of chromosomes, the components of new cells begin to appear, the chromosomes uncoil and return to their uncondensed state

Question 27

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 27

the formation of two new cells following mitosis

Question 28

explain the process of cytokinesis

Answer 28

the cell is compressed by a contractile ring which divides the cell into nearly equal halves. the organelles in the cell are replicated and divided between the two halves. once split, the two new cells are fully in the G1 stage of interphase and ready to begin growth

Question 29

explain the process and stages of interphase

Answer 29

1. G1/gap 1: first growth stage, cell grows to nearly full size 2. S/synthesis phase: DNA in nucleus replicated 3. G2/gap 2: cell finishes growing

Question 30

what occurs after a mutation to proto-oncogenes?

Answer 30

after mutation, these genes are called oncogenes and they gain function, thus they push the cell towards more and unregulated growth

Question 31

what occurs following a mutation to tumour suppressor genes?

Answer 31

mutations to tumour suppressor genes can cause loss of function, causing the cell to lose its ability to repair DNA or induce apoptosis, thus defective cells are able to freely reproduce

Question 32

what are the 8 stages of carcinogenesis?

Answer 32

1. oncogene 2. mutate inhibition 3. DNA regulator/fixer turned off 4. apoptosis mutated (cell now immortal) 5. telomerase mutated 6. angiogenesis 7. de-differentiation (no longer looks like neighbouring cell and cell is no longer benign) 8. not recognisable (not recognised by immune system as being abnormal/problematic

Question 33

what are the two classifications of non-melanoma skin cancer?

Answer 33

1. basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 2. squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Question 34

what are the two types of skin cancer?

Answer 34

non-melanoma and melanoma