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SEHS > Topic 4.1: Neuromuscular Function > Flashcards

Topic 4.1: Neuromuscular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Association Neurons

A

Neurons moving between sensory and motor neurons

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2
Q

(Sensory) Afferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensory information towards to CNS

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3
Q

(Motor) Efferent Neurons

A

The motoneurons that carry information to the muscles, after from the CNS

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4
Q

(Inter) Motor unit

A

A single motoneuron and the muscle fibers which it innervates

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5
Q

Action Potential

A

Chemical signal sent through the nervous system to muscles in the body

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives and conveys information to cell bodies

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7
Q

Cell Body

A

processes and integrates information

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Within the cell body

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9
Q

Axon

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another

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10
Q

Motor End Plate

A

Where the axon terminals are placed over the muscle fibers

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11
Q

Synapse

A

The neuromuscular junction between the end plate and axon terminal

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12
Q

Soma

A

AKA cell body

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13
Q

Axon terminal/Synaptic bouton

A

The end of the axon

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14
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of naxons

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15
Q

Muscle Fibre

A

Composed of numerous myofibrils

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16
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the synaptic terminal and motor end plate come together

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17
Q

Synaptic clef

A

The synapse or space between the axon terminal and motor end plate

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The most abundant neurotransmitter that is released by the neuron to send a message from the brain to the muscle

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19
Q

Acetycholine receptors

A

Ligand-gated cation channels retracting acetylcholine

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20
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Clusters of acetylcholine in the axon terminal

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21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The outer membrane of the muscle fiber

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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves not part of the CNS

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical that is released by a neuron that sends a signal to another neuron across a synapse

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

When acetylcholine simply drift away (disappear) in the synaptic clef

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25
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Coordinates both conscious and unconscious activity through nerve signals sent through the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Reuptake

A

When acetylcholine in the synaptic clef are taken back up into the axon terminal

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27
Q

Enzymes

A

Cholinesterase

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28
Q

[Acetyl]Cholinesterase

A

Things that breaks down the acetylcholine into acetate and choline

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29
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cells that transmit neurotransmitters

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30
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

A theory on the ways muscles contract

31
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

The process of one neuron communicating to another

32
Q

Choline

A

Component of acetylcholine that was broken down by cholinesterase that can be reuptaken into neurons to create more acetylcholine

33
Q

Depolorisation

A

When a cell’s internal charge becomes less negative (more positive)

34
Q

Power Stroke

A

When the myosin head loses ADP & Pi causing it to move the actin

35
Q

Cross bridge

A

When myosin heads attach to the actin

36
Q

Recovery stroke

A

When the myosin detaches from the actin

37
Q

Detachment

A

When the myosin detaches from actin and is met with ATP and goes into a resting state

38
Q

Potassium Ions

A

Goes out of the muscle fiber during muscle contraction

39
Q

Sodium Ions

A

Goes in the muscle fiber during muscle contraction

40
Q

Calcium Ions

A

Released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum once the motor end plate has been depolorised by the output of potassium and input of sodium

41
Q

Acetate

A

Component of acetylcholine

42
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

Shortening of the muscle

43
Q

Myofibril

A

Cylindrical rods within the muscle fiber consisting of actin and myosin

44
Q

Chemical Message

A

Action potential

45
Q

Resting State

A

Detachment state of the sliding filament theory

46
Q

Actin

A

A thin contractile protein filament within sarcomeres

47
Q

Myosin

A

A thick contractile protein filament within sarcomeres

48
Q

Sarcomere

A

Section of the myofibril separated by Z - lines

49
Q

Myofilament

A

Individual filaments (actin & myosin) that make up the myofibril

50
Q

H-Zone

A

Space in the middle of the sarcomere when relaxed where no actin in present

51
Q

A-Band

A

The length of the sarcomere when contracted (only the length of the myosin when stretched)

52
Q

Z-Line

A

The boundaries and junction point of sarcomeres

53
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Rod that goes around the actin covering it’s binding points when in resting state

54
Q

Troponi

A

A complex of 3 proteins attached to tropomyosin that can move it when joined with calcium

55
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Saclike membrane outside the myofibril that can release calcium when stimulated

56
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy that binds to myosin heads to detach it from actin

57
Q

ADP

A

Component of ATP

58
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When ATP breaks down in ADP & phosphate (Pi)

59
Q

Phosphate (Pi)

A

Component of ATP

60
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Fluid between myofibrils

61
Q

Type 1 Muscle FIbres

A

Slow twitch fibres that are red due to large volumes of myoglobin & oxygen & mitochondria

62
Q

Type 2a Muscle Fibres

A

Fast oxidative fibres that are a hybrid between Type 1 and Type 2b muscle fibres

63
Q

Type 2b Muscle Fibres

A

Fast twitch/glycolytic fibres that are white due to to little myoglobin and mitochondria

64
Q

Myoglobin

A

Transports oxygen

65
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces and provides energy

66
Q

ATP

A

Involved in the process of producing mitochondria/energy

67
Q

Resistant fatigue

A

Capable of low-level contractions by producing large amounts of ATP

68
Q

Postural muscles

A

neck, spine etc…

69
Q

Aerobic metabolic

A

The creation of energy through the combustion of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats in the presence of oxygen

70
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

The creation of energy through the combustion of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

71
Q

Rapid fatigue

A

Characteristic of fast twitch muscles that quickly get tired

72
Q

Glycolytosis

A

(fast twitch) A process by which glucose is broken down anaerobically into incompletely oxidized compounds

73
Q

Conduction Velocity

A

The speed of conduction of an electrical impulse through a nerve

74
Q

Triglyceride

A

A type of fat (lipid) found in your blood

SEHS (4 decks)

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