topic 5 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is a policy?
A course of action or procedure by an individual or group with authority that determines actions, decisions, and priorities, affecting others.
What are ‘crime control policies’?
Policies or schemes used to prevent or control crime.
What do biological theories suggest about criminal behavior?
Biological factors can influence criminal behavior.
What is the Balance of Good Health Model?
A policy providing nutritionally balanced diets in prisons to influence behavior.
What link has been suggested between serotonin levels and behavior?
Low serotonin levels may be a biological basis for impulsive behavior and aggression.
What is eugenics?
The idea that selective breeding could potentially reduce crime.
What did the study by Osborne and West (1982) find?
A significantly higher percentage of convictions among the sons of criminal fathers.
What is a major ethical concern regarding eugenics policies?
Widespread eugenics policies are considered extremely unlikely due to ethical concerns.
Is the death penalty considered an effective deterrent?
Its effectiveness as a deterrent is questionable.
What does Amnesty International state about the death penalty?
There is no evidence that it is more effective in reducing crime than life imprisonment.
What do individualistic theories focus on?
Individual factors contributing to criminal behavior, such as psychological traits or learning experiences.
What is psychoanalysis in the context of crime?
A theory suggesting criminality can stem from an imbalance in the unconscious mind.
What is a Token Economy?
A reward system used in prisons to encourage good behavior from offenders.
What are the requirements for a successful Token Economy?
Clear definitions of good behavior, rewards not covering basic needs, consistent application, gradual increase in expectations.
What is the Buddy System?
A mentoring scheme designed to support young people at risk of offending.
What did the Lives not Knives mentoring scheme demonstrate?
Program participation significantly reduced major offenses among youths.
What is the focus of Anger Management training for offenders?
To manage anger through cognitive preparation, skills acquisition, and application practice.
What is Penal Populism?
The government’s attempts to propose popular, often harsher, laws and punishments for offenders.
What do critics argue about Penal Populism?
It doesn’t address root causes of crime like poverty and can be unfair.
What are the criticisms of prison as a punishment?
High reoffending rates, expense, overcrowding, and potentially worsening minor offenders.
What is Zero Tolerance policy?
Strictly punishing all rule or law violations, no matter how minor.
What does the Broken Windows Theory suggest?
Addressing small crimes early prevents bigger crimes.
What is the role of CCTV in crime prevention?
Used for surveillance in public spaces to deter crime and identify offenders.
What does Restorative Justice focus on?
Bringing victims and offenders together to repair harm caused by crime.
