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Biology A2 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Inter specific

A

Competition for resources between species

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2
Q

Intraspecific

A

Competition for resources within species

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3
Q

Deflected succession

A

Where succession is prevented by human activity

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4
Q

Climax community

A

Stable community conditions where it often remains unchanged

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5
Q

Where does the light dependent stage take place

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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6
Q

What is the enzyme that catalysts the fixation of RuBP and CO2

A

RuBISCO

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7
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living/ physical factors

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors

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9
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

Climate

Pollution

Solar energy input

Oxygen availability

Catastrophes

Topography

Edaphic- involved with soil

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10
Q

Examples of biotic factors

A

Competition

Mutualism

Grazing

Predation

Parasitism

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11
Q

Anthropogenic factors

A

Arise from human activity that can affect organisms

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12
Q

Succession

A

A process where a community changes over time

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13
Q

Primary succession

A

A newly formed habitat where there has never been a community before

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14
Q

Secondary succession

A

Where and existing community has been cleared and redevelops

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15
Q

Pioneer species

A

The first organisms to appear in a community that can withstand extreme and unstable conditions

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16
Q

Adaptations of pioneer species in secondary succession

A

Short life span

Quick growth

Seeds disperse quickly by the wind

Abundant seed population

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17
Q

Examples of human activity that deflects succession

A

Mowing

Burning

Grazing

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18
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent

Light independent

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19
Q

What reactants are needed for the light dependent stage

A

Light energy, water, oxidised NADP, ADP, inorganic phosphate

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20
Q

What are the products from the light dependent stage

A

Reduced NADP

ATP

Oxygen as a waste product

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21
Q

Reactants for the light independent stage

A

Reduced NADP

ATP

Carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Products from the light independent stage

A

Glucose

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23
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

Helps the transfer of electrons. Easily accept electrons and become reduced

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24
Q

Describe how the electron transport chain takes place

A

Light energy increases the energy of electrons in the chloroplast, they become excited

The chlorophyll becomes oxidised as the electron leaves the chlorophyll and it is transferred from one carrier protein to another in a series of redox reactions.

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25
What are the products from photolysis
2H+ 2e- and 1/2 O
26
What is the H+ used for in the, Iight dependent stage
Used with the electrons from the electron transport chain to reduce the NADP
27
Where does the light independent stage take place
In the stroma
28
How are the two GP molecules produced
1C carbon dioxide fixates 5C RuBP Immediately splits into two GP both three carbon
29
What are the products from the light dependent stage for?
The ATP provides energy for the reduction to GALP to happen The reduced NADP becomes oxidised and allows the reduction to GALP to happen
30
What happens to the 10 GALP that is not produced as glucose
The rest of the GALP is phosphorylase using ATP to produce RuBP
31
Autotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from organic matter
32
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain their energy by eating other organisms
33
Primary consumers
Heterotrophs that eat plant material
34
Secondary consumer
Known as carnivores, they feed on primary consumers
35
Detritivores
Primary consumers that feed on dead organic material
36
Decomposers
Species of bacteria and fungi that feed on dead remains of organisms
37
The law of limiting factors
When a process is affected by more than one factor, it's rate that is limiting is furthest away from its optimum
38
Gross primary production
The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules
39
Calculation for rate of photosynthesis
GPP/ light energy striking plant X100
40
Net primary profit
The rate at which the energy transferred becomes the organisms new biomass
41
Calculation for NPP
GPP- plant respiration
42
Reasons why energy transfer is not efficient
Not all available food gets eaten Some energy is lost by exception Most energy is used in respiration
43
What sources of evidence can be used to study climate change from the past
Pollen peat bogs Temperature records Dendrochronology
44
Why can pollen be collected from peat bogs
Due to acidic and anaerobic conditions, decaying plants may stop decaying all together so pollen accumulates on the surface
45
What can be used to establish the date of the pollen
Carbon dating using carbon isotope C14
46
Precision
The closeness of repeated measurements to one another
47
Accurate
Close to the true value
48
Systematic error
Errors that occur due to incorrectly calibrated equipment or a fault in the experimental procedure
49
Random error
An error that can occur due to carelessness or not following the standard procedure
50
What adaptations do some plants have to escape grazing?
Being prickly Stinging Mimicry- some plants look like nettles so other animals stay away from it Being unpalatable
51
What is the equation summarising the splitting of water
H2O--> 2H* + 2e- +1/2O2
52
What is the equation summarising the reduction of NADP
2H* +2e- +NADP --> reduced NADP
53
Processes that put carbon back into the atmosphere
Respiration Combustion Decay
54
Processes that take carbon away from the atmosphere
Photosynthesis Dissolving
55
Where is the oxygen produced in the light dependent stage
In the thylakoid space
56
Why is the use of biofuel carbon dioxide neutral?
The fuel source has recently absorbed the carbon dioxide which is now being released
57
Carbon sink
A stage in the carbon cycle where carbon remains locked
58
Give examples of pioneer species from primary succession
Lichens and algae
59
What is the name of the light independent cycle
Calvin cycle
60
Calculation for GPP
NPP + R (plant respiration)
61
DNA profiling
A technique that distinguishes individuals on the basis of their strand of DNA
62
Intron
A non coding section of DNA
63
Exon
The coding regions of DNA
64
STRs (short tandem repeat since)
The sequences of repeated bases found in introns
65
What is the name of the restriction enzyme cut pattern
Sticky ends, this is where the DNA is not cut in the middle, specific sequences are identified and when the DNA strand is cut it can complementary base pair up with the opposite strand
66
Restriction enzymes
Found naturally in bacteria, will only cut specific DNA sequences on either side of the STR
67
What are restriction enzymes also referred to as?
Restriction endonucleases
68
What practical is used to investigate the length of DNA fragments?
Gel electrophoresis
69
Ecological isolation
The species that occupy different parts of a habitat
70
Temporal isolation
The species exist in the same area but reproduce at different times
71
Behavioural isolation
The species exist in the same area but do not respond to each other's courtship behaviour
72
Physical imcompatibility
Species co exist but there are physical reasons that prevent them from copulating
73
Hybrid inviability
In some species hybrids are produced but they do not survive long enough to breed.
74
Hybrid sterility
Hybrids survive to reproductive age but cannot reproduce
75
Geographical isolation speciation
A catastrophe like a flood or a drought may occur which causes a area to be geographically isolated. Environmental conditions may vary which causes the species to adapt to their changed environment- different mutations may occur. There may be physical differences between them which allows them to be infertile
76
The optimum temperature of hatching brine shrimp
25 degrees Celsius
77
Factors that create carbon dioxide imbalance
Combustion of fossil fuels Deforestation Volcanic activity Acid rain
78
How could the reliability of a scientists research be increased
Peer review If the paper was published Present findings at a scientific conference
79
Reproductive isolation
Where two species are unable to breed together to produce fertile offspring and are considered to be two separate species
80
Mutualism
A relationship in which both partners benefit

Biology A2 (2 decks)

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