Topic 5

Question 1

Aetiology

Answer 1

Cause of disease

eg. smoking

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

Mechanism causng disease

eg. genetic alteration

Question 3

Clinical manifestations

Answer 3

Functional consequences (signs and symptoms) eg. breathlessness

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

Incidence, prevalence and distribution

Question 5

Pathology

Answer 5

Molecular and morphologic changes to cells or tissues eg. lung tumor

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

Increase in cell number
Increase in organ size
Driven by growth factors

Question 7

Hypertrophy

Answer 7

Increase in cell size
Increase in organ size
Driven by increased work load

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Change in cell type

Cells are replaced by others that can better withstand the stress

Question 9

Atrophy

Answer 9

Decrease in cell number/size

Caused by reduced workload, neurovascular supply

Question 10

Morphological changes of a reversibly injured cell (5)

Answer 10

1. Cell swelling
2. Organelle swelling
3. Chromain clumping
4. Blebbing
5. Lipid vacuoles

Question 11

Adaptation

Answer 11

A cellular response to an injurous stimuli/stress that doesn’t compromise cell function

Question 12

Reversible cell injury

Answer 12

A cellular response to an injurous stimuli that compromises cellular function that can be reversed whenthe stimuli is removed

Question 13

Irreversible cell injury

Answer 13

A cellular response to an injurous stimuli that compromises cellular function leading to cell death

Question 14

Morphological changes of an irreversibly injured cell (2)

Answer 14

• Mitochondrial dysfunction is irreversible

- Lysosomal, plasma and mitochondrial membranes lose structural integrity

Question 15

Morphological changes of necrotic cells

Answer 15

• denatured proteins
• vacuolation - digested organelles
• discontinuous membranes
• myelin figures
• DNA breakdown

Question 16

Kayolysis (Necrosis)

Answer 16

DNA breakdown

decreased basophilia

Question 17

Pyknosis (Necrosis)

Answer 17

Nuclear shrinkage

Increased basophilia

Question 18

Karyorrhexia (Necrosis)

Answer 18

Nuclear fragmentation

Question 19

Coagulative (Necrosis)

Answer 19

Denaturation > digestion
Nucleus lost but architecture is preserved
Most common type
Due to ischaemia

Question 20

Liquefactive (Necrosis)

Answer 20

Digestion > denaturation
Complete enzymatic digestion of dead cells
Inflammatory response contributes to digestion
Associated with infection
Ischaemia in brain

Question 21

Caseous (Necrosis)

Answer 21

Digestion and denaturation
Mixture of liquefactive and coagulation
Architecture gone

Question 22

Fat (Necrosis)

Answer 22

Enzymes liquefy membranes of fat tissue
Released fat reacts with calcium to cause fat saponification/patchy white lesions
Most common in acute pancreatitis

Question 23

Fibrinoid (Necrosis)

Answer 23

Leakage of fibrin and inflammatory cells

Occurs in blood vessels in response to deposition of immune complexes

Question 24

Gangrenous (Necrosis)

Answer 24

Coagulative necrosis in a lower limb without blood supply

Liquefactive may accompany bacterial infection -wet gangrene

Question 25

Phosphatidylserine

Answer 25

Protein flips to outer membrane to prevent inflammatory response in apoptosis

Question 26

Necroptosis

Answer 26

Hybrid of necrosis and apoptosis Loss of ATP, swelling, increased ROS, rupture of membrane Caspase independent

Question 27

Calor

Answer 27

Heat | Vasodilation -increased blood flow

Question 28

Rubor

Answer 28

Redness - erythema -vasodilation and stasis

Question 29

Tumour (inflammation)

Answer 29

Swelling - vasodilation and vascular permeability leading to extravasation of fluid

Question 30

Dolor

Answer 30

Pain - compression of tissues, effect of inflammatory mediators

Question 31

Functio laesa

Answer 31

Loss of function - effect of injury, pain, swelling

Question 32

Serous inflammation

Answer 32

Watery protein poor fluid | Found in body cavities and skin blisters

Question 33

Fibrinous Inflammation

Answer 33

High vascular permeability Exudate contains large molecules (fibrinogen) Characteristic of inflammation of meninges, pericardium, pleura

Question 34

Supparative (puralent) Inflammation -PUS

Answer 34

Associated with pyogenic (puss inducing) bacterial infectial Heme of neutrophil gives exudate blue colour Absecesses

Question 35

Ulceration

Answer 35

Necrosis and inflammation near the surface | Mucosa and lower extremities with poor circulation