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Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis about

A

The regulation of the conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment

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2
Q

How does negative feedback work

A

Receptor detects stimulus. This send electrical impulse to sensory Neurone across relay neurone to motor. The synapses between these send chemical messages- neurotransmitters. This is then sent to the spine or brain which counteracts the effector making the muscle contract

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3
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central nervous system, consists of brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

The neurons that carry information as electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

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5
Q

What are motor neurons

A

The neurons that carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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6
Q

What do Effectors do

A

Muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

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7
Q

What do synapses do

A

They connect neurones and the nerve signal is transferred by chemical (neurotransmitter) which DIFFUSE across the gap

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8
Q

What are reflexes

A

They are rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t invlve the conscious part of the brain

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9
Q

How does the reflex arc go though the CNS

A

The neurones ina reflex arc go through the spinal cord or unconscious brain part. When a stimulus if detected it’s sent to along a sensory to a relay when reached the relay the synaps sends a chemical message to the motor which travels to a effector

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10
Q

Why is reaction time measured by computers

A

Because it’s better as it can measure Milli seconds

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11
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The outer wrinkly part. Things like memory

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12
Q

Medulla place and properties

A

Bottom of brain, for unconscious activities

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13
Q

Cerebellum use abs place

A

Near medulla responsible for muscle coordination

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14
Q

What are methods used to study brain

A

MRI - find out what areas of brain are active when doing things
Studying patients, electrically stimulating the brain

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15
Q

The sclera is

A

Tough supporting wall of the eye ( white part )

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16
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye. It refracts light

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17
Q

What is the iris

A

Contains muscles that allow it to control diameter of the pupil and how much light enters eye

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18
Q

What does lens and retina do

A

Lens focuses light on retina- this fontains receptor cells sensitive to light intensity and colour

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19
Q

What do the ciliary muscles and dispensary ligaments do

A

Control shape of lens

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20
Q

What does optic nerves do

A

Carry impulses from receptors on retina to the brain

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21
Q

What is the iris reflex

A

When light receptors in the eyes detect very bright light, a reflex is triggered that make the pupil smaller. The circular muscles in iris contract and radial muscles relax. The opposite happens in sun light the pupils be wider

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22
Q

What happens to looks at near objects

A

The ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the dispensary ligaments the lens becomes fat which refracts light

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23
Q

To look at distant objects what happens

A

Ciliary muscles relax which allows suspensary ligaments to pull tight. This makes lens go thin, so it refracts light by a smaller amount

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24
Q

What are long sighted

A

Unable to focus on near objects, when lens doesn’t refract and the eyeball is too shot.

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25
What lens do u use for long sighted
Convex lens, this refracts the light rays so they focus on the retina
26
What are short sighted
People unable to focus on distant objects. This occurs when lens is wrong shape abs refracts too much light and eyeball
27
What lens do short sighted peiple use
Concave lens
28
What are treatments for vision defects
Contact lens- thin lenses that sit on surfaces | Laser eye surgery- the laser can be used to vaporise tissue, changing shape of cornea.
29
What controls temperature of blood
Thermoragulary system
30
What happens when temp is too high
Temp receptors detect that core body temperature too high, thermoragulary centre receives info from receptors and triggers effectors. Same for opposite
31
What happens when body is too cold
Hair stand up as insulating layer No sweat Blood vessels constrict so less energy is lost. Shiver which makes respiration this transfer energy to warm
32
What happen when too warm
Sweat produced and evaporated from skin l. This transfers energy to environment. Blood vessels dilate do closer to surface this will transfer energy
33
What are hormones
Chemical messengers released in blood.
34
What purpose of pirtuaty gland
Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
35
What does thyroid do
Produces thyroxine which regulates things like rate of metabolism and heart rate
36
What does adrenal gland do
Produces adrenaline prepare body for fight or flight
37
What do ovaries do
Produces oestrogen which is involved in menstrual cycle
38
What does testes do
Produce testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production
39
What does pancreas do
Produces insulin which is used to regulate which is used to relegate blood glucose level
40
What is difference between neves and hormones
Nerves have fast action. For a short time and is very precise, nerves have slower action but act for long time they act in a more general way
41
What can excess glucose be sorted as
GLYCagon in liver and muscles
42
What happens if glucose levels too high
Insulin secretes by pancreas, glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells. It makes glucose convert into glYCAgon
43
What hormone makes glYCAgon convert to glucose
glUCAgon
44
What happens if blood glucose levels too low
Pancreas secretes glucagon, which convert glycagon to glucose this is released into blood which makes it return
45
What is type 1 diabetes
When pancreas produces little or no insulin. It’s inherited , it can be treated with insulin injections
46
What is type 2 diabetes
When a person becomes resistant to insulin. This is caused by health and lifestyle. Can be controlled by changing diet
47
What do the kidneys do
They make urine by taking waste products out of blood, then useful substances are absorbed back into blood
48
WhT is it called when useful substances are put back into blood
Selective reabsorption
49
What substances are removed from the the body in urone
Urea, ions and water
50
How is urea made
From ammonia
51
What is Deamonation and what is the product made
When proteins can’t be stored so excess amino acids are converted to fats and carbs, it occurs in the liver. Ammonia is produced as a waste product. This is toxic so it’s converted to urea in liver
52
What is the concern train of urine controlled by
ADH which is released by the pituitary gland
53
What happens if the level of water is too high
A receptor detects this, the coordination centre receives info and coordinates a response. The pituarty gland releases less ADH so less water is reabsorbed by kidney
54
What happens if level of water decreases
The pituitary gland released more ADH so more water is reabsorbed
55
What happens when kidneys don’t work
Waste substances build up and you lose ability to control levels of ions and water
56
What can people with kidney failure get
Dialysis treatment
57
How does kidney dialysis work
The person blood flows between partially permeable substances surrounded by dialysis fluid. It’s only permeable to small things such as ions. The fluid has the same concentration of healthy blood so no good things are absorbed out. Waste substances diffuse across barrier.
58
Disadvantage of dialysis and adv
Cause blood clots or infection also expensive | Can buy a patient time until donor so found
59
Is dialysis or transplant better
Transplant can be rejected my immune system- the patient has to have drugs. But it’s cheaper
60
What is the reproductive hormone for men and women and what do they do
Men- testosterone, stimulates sperm production | Women- oestrogen, brings about physical changes and involved in menstural cycle
61
What are the 4 stages of menstrual cycle and how long do they each start and end
Stage 1- lining of uterus break down ( day 1 - 4) Stage 2- lining of uterus build up ( day 4- 14) Stage 3- egg releases Stage 4 - lining of uterus remained BOTH between ( day 14-28)
62
What is stage 3 of menstrual cycle called
Ovulation - egg develops and released ( day 14-28)
63
What is FSH
Produced in pirtuaty gland Causes egg to mature Stimulated ovaries to produce oestrogen
64
What is eostrogen
Produce in ovaries Causes lining of uterus to grow Stimulates release of LH and inhibits FSH
65
What is LH
Produce in pirtuaty gland | Stimulates release of an egg at day 14
66
What is progesterone
Produced in ovaries by remaining of follicle maintains lining of uterus during second half of cycle. When level of this falls the lining break down. Inhibits release of LH and FSH
67
What does FSH stimulate
Ovaries to produce oestrogen
68
What does oestrogen stimulate and inhibit
Stimulates LH | inhibits FSH
69
What does LH stimulate
Stimulates release of egg
70
What does progesterone inhibit
Inhibits LH and FSH
71
What is the order of the hormones
FSH OESTROGEN LH PROGESTORONE
72
How can oestrogen be used as a method of contraception
Inhibits FSH after a while egg development and production stop
73
How is progesterone used as a method of contraception
Stimulates thick mucus which prevent sperm getting through
74
What is the combined pill
Contains oestrogen and progestorone but can cause side effects
75
Why is progestorne only pill better than combined
As it has fewer side effects
76
What is a contrecaprive patch
Contains oestrogen and profestone and stick to skin- lasts a week
77
What is cocreteptrive implant
Inserted under skin and releases continuous amount of progesterone- lasts for 3 years
78
What is contraceptive injection
Contains progesterone- lasts 2-3 months
79
What is a UID
T shaped Device inserted in uterus to kill sperm- two types plastic: release progesterone //copper: kills sperm in uterus
80
What are non hormonal forms of contreception
Condoms- worn over penis to prevent sperm in vagina Diaphragm- shallow plastic cup that fits over cervix to form a barrier Spermicide- not as effective
81
What are the more drastic ways to avoid pregnancy
Sterilisation- involves cutting or tying Fallopian tubes in a female or sperm duct in a melaleuca this is permanent Natural method- may be avoided by finding out when women is most fertile Abstinence- don’t have sex
82
What hormones can increase fertility
Hormones FSH and LH are given to women to stimulate ovulation
83
What are pros and cons of increasing fertility
Pro: help women get pregnant Cons: doesn’t always work- expensive / too many eggs could be stimulated
84
What is IVF
Collecting eggs and fertilising them using sperms. They are grown in embryos. Then one of them is transferred into the uterus. FSH and LH is given before egg collection.
85
Pro and cons of IVF:
Pro: getting a child Con: expensive , success rate is low, multipl births
86
What does adrenaline do
Released in scary situations, brain detects fear and sends nervous impulses. Gets body ready for fight or flight by triggering mechanisms that increase oxygen and glucose to cells in brain
87
What does thyroxine do
Regulates basal matabollic rate.
88
What is auxin
Plant hormone which controls growth near tips and shoots. Controls growth of plant in response to light or gravity
89
What happens to a auxin if a shoot is exposed to light
More auxin accumulated on side of shade than side of light so it grows faster and bends towards light
90
What happens for geltropism
More auxin is on the lower side
91
What are uses of auxins
Killing weed | Growing cells in tissue culture
92
What does giberillins do
It stimulates plant stem to grow
93
What does Ethene do
Stimulates ripening of fruit

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