topic 5 crime prevention Flashcards
(13 cards)
Outline the name of the key stduy and the four additional studies
Wilson and Kelling
-Cohen and felson routine activity theory
-zero tolerance theory in new york
-errest jones et al
-Brown and BUrrow
Outline what was found from Ernest-Jones et al
eyes on posters
setting=university cafe
iv=posters containing messages to clear litter either eye images on them or flowers on them
DV=amount of littering
Results=50% reduction in littering when the posters featured eyes
Outline the key study by Brown on CCTV in town centres
Setting=Newcastle, Birmingham and Kings Lynn
IV- before vs after CCTV was introduced
DV-levels of antisocial and criminal behaviour
Results=in Newcastle, Burglaries went down by 56% and criminal damage was reduced by 34%
Outlne what was found by Burrow on CCTV cameras in public
Setting=four underground tube stations
IV=before vs after the cctv was introduced
DV=levels of crime
Results
-in the year following the installation of CCTV the crime fell by 70% at these stations
However it only fell by 25% in the 15 stations closest to the four with cctv suggesting that the introduction of CCTV had displaced crime and not eradicated it
Outline the additional study on zero tolerance in New York
The ‘broken windows’ theory was applied in New York, the approach went through three waves
1)subway graffiti
-this was the focus between 1984 and 1990, a cleaning station was set up in the bronx to ensure that all subway carriages with graffiti on them were cleaned up, They would let kids spend three days painting them and then use rollers to paint over them once finished
2) subway fare-dodging
-from 1990-1994, the focus was placed on fare dodging. Teams of up to 10 polie officers n plain clothes were assigned to subway stations that were prone to fare dodging, and a city bus was turned into a rolling police station to speed up the processing of those who had been arrested and showed that 1 in 7 had an outstanding warrant and 1 in 20 were carrying a weapon of some sort
3)quality f life crimes
-from 1994, attention shifted to ‘squeegee men’ who demanded payment for washing car windows, as well as people who were drunk in public and who urinated in the street
Outline the additional study by Cohen and Felson on routine activity theory
3 factors needed for a crime to occur
-suitable targets (things worth stealing or attacking)
-A motivated offender someone who is inclined and has the ability to commit a crime
-the absence of a ‘capable guardian’ (someone who would deter the crime from happening, could be the police or just a big friend)
A targets suitability of attack is based on 4 criteria
-VALUE-the worth of the target from he use of the offender, what is it worth to them
-INERTIA-the extent o which the article or target can be realistically removed
-VISIBILITY-how visible the target s to the offender
-ACCESS-how easy it is to gain access to the target
Outline one application of Cohen and Felson
-Create a guardian (more police/adults)
-be in groups
-make items harder to steal (less visible, padlocks)
-make sure a capable guardian is always perceived to e present at home even if you are not home
Outline the name of the key research in criminal psychology topic 5
Wilson andKelling
Outline the key study by Wilson and Kelling
1 Claims about the history of policing and how the role/function of police has changed over time
-in the past the role of the police was to assist communities in maintaining order
-following the urban riots of the 1960’s, the police role slightly changed from maintaining order to fighting crimes
2)Psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop
- at the community level, crime emerges from disorder in “in a kind of developmental sequence”: if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be smashed. Vandalism of this kind can soon lead to the breakdown of commune controls “a piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed Adults stop scolding rowdy children; the children become more disruptive, families move out, unattached adults move in … fights break out’ At this pont many of the residents may modify their behaviour.. they will use the streets less often, and become ken not to get nvolved. “Such and area is vulnerable to criminal invasion”
This leads to a tipping pont that some communities cannot recover from. In explaining this they make reference to Zimbardo.
He arranged to have two cars without license plates parked with their bonnets up, one on a street in the bronx, the other i Paulo Alto California. The car in Nw York was attacked within 10 minutes First the radio and battery were removed then this lead to almost everything else being removed. On the other hand the car in California remained untouched for about a week then Zimbardo broke one window with a sledgehammer. Almost immediately passers-by joined in. Within hours the car had been overturned an destroyed.
-the ‘broken windows theory’ applies t behaviour as much as it doe to property ‘the unheckled panhandler. (Beggar) is in effect the first broken window. It is even less likely to call the police to identify a potential mugger or to interfere i a mugging ctally takes place
3) Suggestions for the future
-the ye is for the police to focus again on order-maintenance as their primary role,although itizens can do a great deal to maintain order
-police chiefs should work out where to focus their resources. The key is to identify neighbourhoods that are at tapping point- where te publ order is deteriorating but not unreclaimable, it s in these areas that the broken windows need to be fixed straight away
-the police should try varaiations on an experiment that was carried out in New Jersey “the state provided money to help cities take police officers out of their patrol cars and assign the to walking beats” This did not reduc crime rates, but it did make neighbourhoods safer as disorderly behaviour was managed through a process of informal rules bing defined as in coaboration with “regulars” on the street. For example people could drink on the side streets, but. Not at the main intersection, bottles had to be in paper bags . Talking to or bothering or begging from people at the bus stop was strictly forbidden
Name all three elements of Wilson ad Kelling
-Claims about the history of policing and how the role/function of the police has changed over time
-psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop
-suggestions for the future
What comes under claims about the history of the policing and how the role of a polie officer has changed over time
Claims about the history of policing and how the role/function of police has changed over time
-in the past the role of the police was to assist communities in maintaining order
-following the urban riots of the 1960’s, the police role slightly changed from maintaining order to fighting crimes
What comes under psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop in the key study
Psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop
- at the community level, crime emerges from disorder in “in a kind of developmental sequence”: if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be smashed. Vandalism of this kind can soon lead to the breakdown of commune controls “a piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed Adults stop scolding rowdy children; the children become more disruptive, families move out, unattached adults move in … fights break out’ At this pont many of the residents may modify their behaviour.. they will use the streets less often, and become ken not to get nvolved. “Such and area is vulnerable to criminal invasion”
This leads to a tipping pont that some communities cannot recover from. In explaining this they make reference to Zimbardo.
He arranged to have two cars without license plates parked with their bonnets up, one on a street in the bronx, the other i Paulo Alto California. The car in Nw York was attacked within 10 minutes First the radio and battery were removed then this lead to almost everything else being removed. On the other hand the car in California remained untouched for about a week then Zimbardo broke one window with a sledgehammer. Almost immediately passers-by joined in. Within hours the car had been overturned an destroyed.
-the ‘broken windows theory’ applies t behaviour as much as it doe to property ‘the unheckled panhandler. (Beggar) is in effect the first broken window. It is even less likely to call the police to identify a potential mugger or to interfere i a mugging ctally takes place
Outline what was meant by suggestions for the future by Wilson and kELLINH
Suggestions for the future
-the ye is for the police to focus again on order-maintenance as their primary role,although itizens can do a great deal to maintain order
-police chiefs should work out where to focus their resources. The key is to identify neighbourhoods that are at tapping point- where te publ order is deteriorating but not unreclaimable, it s in these areas that the broken windows need to be fixed straight away
-the police should try varaiations on an experiment that was carried out in New Jersey “the state provided money to help cities take police officers out of their patrol cars and assign the to walking beats” This did not reduc crime rates, but it did make neighbourhoods safer as disorderly behaviour was managed through a process of informal rules bing defined as in coaboration with “regulars” on the street. For example people could drink on the side streets, but. Not at the main intersection, bottles had to be in paper bags . Talking to or bothering or begging from people at the bus stop was strictly forbidden
