Topic 5 - Ecosystems Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Light dependent reaction overview
A
When light is absorbed by chlorophyll it excites electrons.
Oxygen is produced when water molecules are split in the process of photolysis ( not hydrolysis).
The products of the light dependent reaction (and used in light independent reaction) are reduced NADP and ATP.
2
Q
Describe the structures in a chloroplast that involved in light -dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
A
These reactions take place in the thylakoids (arranged as stacks - grana) made of membranes and contain chlorophyll and arranged as photosystems/quantasomes.
3
Q
Pros of glasshouses with artificial lightning vs. Open fields
A
Crops can be grown all year (inc. out of season).
Plants photosynthesise 24 hours a day.
Less physical damage from weather/animals
Pest control easier.
Control of CO2 temperature, humidity, water supply
4
Q
Why are higher and lower estimates made for climate change?
A
Changes in production of gases accounted for:
Higher estimate assumes no change in production of gases
Lower estimate takes into account reduction in carbon emissions.
5
Q
Explain how increases in CO2 + CH4 released into the atmosphere. May contribute towards estimated changes in mean temperature shown in graph.
A
CO2 + CH4 both are greenhouse gases
Absorb infra red radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface.
Mean temperature of Earth’s surface increases.
6
Q
Abiotic vs biotic
A
Biotic factors involve organisms
Abiotic factors are non-living factors (physical/chemical).
7
Q
Bacteristatic antibiotic
A
Prevent reproduction / growth of bacteria
8
Q
Bactericidal antibiotic
A
Destroy/kill bacteria
9
Q
Other animal populations affected
A decrease in (tuatara ) population
A
Fewer prey eaten by (tuatara)
Prey increase in number
Other carnivores may increase
Because less competition for food from (tuatara)
Predator of (tuatara) might decrease, eat other prey or migrate.
10
Q
Apparatus for density (different periwinkle species)
A
Take several readings
Use random quadratic positions
Throw quadrat randomly or generate random number coordinates
The area of quadrat must be known
No. Of individuals in each quadrat is recorded
Mean density : total number of each species and total area sampled.
11
Q
A pair of green house gases
Carbon dioxide and methane
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide and nitrogen
Methane and nitrogen
A
Carbon dioxide and methane.
12
Q
Niche of (plant)
A
The role of an organism (plant) within its ecosystem
(Plant) is a producer
(Plant) provides energy for other organisms - herbivores / primary consumers and decomposes.
(Plant) improves soil eg. holds soil structure together, increase nutrients
13
Q
A study distribution of (plant) from edge of glacier
A
Use a transact from front edge of glacier
Sample along the transect using a quadrat (or clumps touching transect )
Select sample sites along transect at set distance - regular, systematic, or flip-flop quadrats (NOT random)
Estimate abundance : calculate number of plants or percentage cover
Use more than one transect ( not repeating investigation)
Record quantitative data e.g. Tally chart, table, graph.
14
Q
Abiotic factors for plant
Measuring
A
Soil pH / light - light probe, sensor, meter, data logger
Water - water gauge
Mineral content - dry out soil samples
Reading taken at height of plant
Soil sample around roots
Quadrat
Take several readings getting an average
15
Q
First gen biofuels - from sugars and vegetable oils from food crops
How do these decrease global warming?
A
CO2 is a greenhouse gas
CO2 is taken in for photosynthesis (light independent / Carbon fixation ) during production of plants for biofuels.
No net change of carbon dioxide In the atmosphere when biofuels are burnt.
16
Q
Abiotic factors affecting periwinkle distribution
A
Light intensity/duration O2 availability in rock pools Temp. pH Toxic chemicals Wave action Height above sea level Length of submersion in water Exposure to air
17
Q
Biotic factors affecting periwinkle distribution
A
Predators Availability of food organisms Disease Parasites Competition for food, Competition for space
18
Q
First stage decomposition cow pat
Putrefaction
Explain how CO2+ NH3 are formed during this stage of decomposition
A
Microorganisms respire
They undergo aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Which converts organic compounds to CO2 and converts nitrogen compounds to ammonia.
19
Q
Primary succession
A
A distance from front edge of glacier increases, the biodiversity/complexity of organisms increases.
Primary succession has occurred.
Algae/lichens are the first organisms to colonise bare rock.
Pioneer species- able to grow in little/no soil -Improve conditions for plants e.g. Change rock into soil, increase humus, increase water content of soil, break up rock fragments to form thin soil, soil structure changes allowing shrubs to grow.
Competition - limiting species present e.g. Never species outcompete previous species.
20
Q
Decomposition organic matter
Condensation
Estero fixation
Hydrolysis
Polymerisation
A
Hydrolysis
21
Q
There is a decrease in mass of leaves during decomposition
A
Decomposers release enzymes for decomposition.
Formation of monomers that are soluble.
Some soluble molecules soak into the ground and are taken up by organisms
Respiration/ fermentation of glucose by decomposers
CO2 release
Water loss
Worm activity
Animals eat leaves
Pulled into soil
22
Q
An increase in temp, increase rate decomposition ( up to optimum temp)
A
Enzymes are used in decomposition increased heat/kinetic energy , increased no. collisions, and energy of collisions between enzymes and substrate and increased ESCs
Increase in temp, increase in rate at which bacteria reproduce
Above a certain temp rate of decomposition would decrease/stop high temperature enzyme become denatured (bacteria killed) (NOT end starts to denature: not a verb, an adjective)
23
Q
Five piles ash leaves
Rate of decomposition
Purpose?: -
To calculate mean
To give a range of variables for the independent variable
To make investigation valid
To produce reliable data
A
To give a range of values for the independent variables - the pile of leaves is the independent variable
No mention of mean on table.
24
Q
Types of plant fibres cows eat
A
Cellulose fibres
Xylem vessels
Sclerenchyma fibres
25
```
Bonds broken in cellulose digestion
Ester
H
Glycosidic
Peptide
```
H
Glycosidic
Beta glucose monomers
26
Factors affecting decomposition
Increase in temperature.
Decrease in decomposition time.
Decrease in water availability
Decrease in water logging (increases oxygen availability)
Decrease in frozen water
More insects/decomposers in summer
Increases rate of growth of microorganisms
Increases rate of metabolism enzyme reactions
27
Why cellulose treatment with enzyme before bacteria can use it as an energy source?
Bacteria cannot breakdown cellulose fast enough.
Enzyme/cellulose needed to break down cellulose into beta glucose by hydrolysing 1,4 glycosidic bonds by respiration/fermentation of glucose by bacteria.
28
2nd gen
Non food biofuel
Cellulose and lignin --bacteria--> ethanol
A part of the plant stem that would contain these polymers, cel lose and login.?
```
Plant fibres
Woody fibres
Xylem vessels/tissues
Sclerenchyma fibres
Lignified tissue
```
29
```
H20 -->light dependent reactions -->O2
|
ATP and ------
|
Light independent reactions
```
Reduced NADP
30
Chloroplast structure
Thalakoid membranes
Arranged as stacks called grana
The stroma is the equivalent of the cytoplasm
31
Magnification =
Magnification = image length/actual length
32
Micrometers, uM = ?cm
Micrometers, uM = cm / 1000
33
Role of RUBISCO in GALP production in the light-independent reaction
```
RUBISCO is an enzyme/ catalyst
In the Calvin cycle
*Involved in Carbon fixation: bonding of CO2 to RuBP to form GP.
*GP converted to GALP
Using ATP and reduced NADP (NADPH)
(CO2 to GALP/GP to GALP).
```
34
Membranes inside the cytoplasm, are involved in photosynthesis
```
Compartmentalisation from stroma
Site of light-dependent reaction
Photosynthetic pigments molecules: chlorophyll
Photosystems, electron carrier proteins, within membrane
ATPase in thylakoids membranes
Photophosphorylation occurs here
Provide space for H^+ accumulation
For chemiosmosis
```
35
10 x 10 cm quadrat
1 square =?%
%cover for species distribution
Each square represents 1%
| Count number of squares contains organism
36
Niche of a plant
The role of a plant within its ecosystem
A producer
Provides energy
Improves soil, e.g. Holds soil structure together, increases nutrients
Provides shelter/habitat for organisms
37
Woodlice and decomposition and Carbon cycle
Organic compounds/ carbon in plant material
Digestion provides respiratory substrates
CO2 released from respiration
Available for photosynthesis
Woodlice are eaten/decompose
38
Digestion of cellulose reaction type
Hydrolysis reaction
39
Chemical nature of cellulose
Polysaccharide
Unbranched
1-4 glycosidic bonds
40
Why enzyme needed to break down cellulose before bacteria can use it for respiration.
Bacteria cannot break down cellulose fast enough.
Enzyme/cellulose needed to break down into beta glucose by hydrolysing 1, 4 glycosidic bonds.
Then, respiration of glucose by bacteria.
41
In habitu advantages
Less stress for animals
Animals more likely to breed in martial environment
Animals may require large areas
Problems of releasing large animals back into the wild is avoided e.g. Habituation
Disease is less likely and will not wipe out population.
It allows natural interspecific relationships to exist.
It allows natural intraspecifc relationships to exist.
Family and social structure and behaviour uses large number number of animals needed
Natural diet is available
42
NPP
Rate energy is incorporated into biomass of organic material
| Energy losses in respiration are taken into account (GPP - R) in producers/ plants.
43
Increase in temp
Increase in NPP
Enzyme effect?
Increase in rate of metabolic reactions
Increase in KE of molecules (substrate and enzyme)
Increase in reaction rate because of more E/S interaction
44
NPP increases as light increases
Correlation
Increase in light increases rate of photosynthesis
And increases ATP energy available for Calvin Cycle
Light results in excitation of electrons
Temp affects how quickly enzymes work
There is no real correlation between temp and NPP as temperature fluctuates
45
NPP variation
Variation over short periods of time e.g. More NPP on a sunny day, or in the summer (seasonal)
The whole year gives an average overall
Biomass involved all digestible/inedible organic material.
Rate of productivity of plants may influence how much grazing is possible.
46
GP losses taken into account for NPP
NPP= GPP - R
Energy is used to provide energy for active transport
Movement - opening of flowers and turning leaves
Glycolysis
NPP is stored energy and is available for the next tropic level
47
Grazing and NPP
Cattle are primary consumers and eat plants therefore gaining energy available as NPP.
The farmer ensures that there is enough NPP available for his cattle by considering the grazing capacity of the grassland.
Affect on yield of meat/milk: growth rate could change due to a more efficient NPP yielding crop.
48
Faster Carbon Fixation Benefits
*Carbon fixation produces GP.
*Product is converted to starch.
Faster C-fixation means a faster starch production.
Rate of growth in increased GPP of crop.
49
Plant Biotic Factors
```
Competition from other plants
Shading by other plants
Grazing
Trampling
Disease
```
50
Plant Abiotic Factors
Wavelength of light
Minerals
CO2 concentration
pH of solution
51
Benefits of plant decay products
Decomposition by microorganisms which respire and release CO2 which can be used again in photosynthesis
Methane is released (in anaerobic conditions) and is available as fuel.
52
How quadrat works: caluclating species density, number per square unit
Several readings
Use of random quadrat positions
Dive random positions (using random no. generator, or throw randomly)
Known area of quadrat is used
No. of individuals in each quadrat are counted and recorded
Mean density is calculates using total count e.g. total no. of each species / total area sampled
species density, number per square unit
53
Global Warming: The Greenhouse Gas Effect
Greenhouse production occurs
They build up in the upper atmosphere
CO2 + CH4 are greenhouse gases
which absorb IR
reflected from the Earth's surface
They prevent IR escaping
Temperatures maintained are higher than they would otherwise be
Increased levels of greenhouse gases increases the greenhouse gas effect
Mean temp. of the Earth's surface is increasing.
54
Climate Change Evidence
Dendrochronology
Peat-bog pollen analysis
Temperature Records
Estimates of CO2 levels in air
55
Why does a decrease in fossil fuel use not necessarily equate to a decrease in global warming?
CO2 is produced by using fossil fuels.
No direct evidence that CO2 leads to global warming.
Scientists may be biased: employed by company or country with vested interest
CO2 is released from other processes
e.g.Removal of C sinks leads to increase in CO2
Other greenhouse gases: CFC, H2O vapour, CH4
Ruminant animals, paddy fields, melting ice,
Natural cycles involved: solar, volcanic
Past evidence used - not an indicator of future events - limitations of models of climatic events
56
Decomposition
```
Microoragnisms/fungi involved
Respiration of mircorganisms cccurs
Aerobic/ anaerobic respiration occurs
Coverts organic compoiunds to CO2
Converts nitrogen compounds (proteins/amino acids) to ammonia
```
57
Speciation
(Birds on mainland could live in all regions so there is no restriction of gene flow. But are separate from birds on islands)
Geographical isolation occurs e.g. a physical barrier/allopatric speciation
There are different selection pressures between e.g food sources, different habitats
Mutations occur
This results in adaptations to conditions
These alleles/genes are passed on to offspring
Resulting in gene pool change
Increase in frequency of these alleles
Reproductive isolation occurs
58
Using temp. data for global warming model
Data is extrapolated
Used for modelling/ investigation of correlations
Provides evidence for global warming
Use this data along with data from other sources
59
Using temp. data for global warming model - limitations
Other environmental changes not taken into account
Method of estimating temperature from growth rings is questionable
There is not enough data
(Only collected from Nepal)
There is no way of confirming data
Fluctuations too great so no real trend
Means are a poor representation of raw data
Scatter of raw data is no indicator of relaibilty
60
Captive Breeding Programmes
Conserve gene pools
| and then organisms are reintroduced into suitable habitats back in the wild
61
Global warming on S. Whitheadi bird population
Adapted to colder regions
if climate warms, food supply less available
Small population: limited gene pool
Therefore all the population will be affected
S whiteheadi birds cannot fly to other region
Have a variety of food sources, a change in feeding habits
Different food might become more available
They could migrate somewhere warmer
They have another allele that gives a survival advantage
62
Compost formation involves respiration by microorganism - true or false?
True
63
Nitrate fertilisers: so organisms can sythesise nucleic acids - true or false
True
64
Is a compost heap only one trophic level?
No
65
How do you measure temperature of a compost heap?
Heat lost from outer suracfe of compost heap
Temp will vary in different parts of compost heap
Use a long thermometer that measures the core temp of heap
This improves validity of method
Repeated readings to obtain average improves relaibilty of the results
66
Why do anemones contract when low tides?
```
To decrease surface are (to volume)
Less water loss (dehydration)
Reduces visibility to predators
Protection from predators
No need for tentacles to be exposed
Energy will be conserved and not wasted
```
67
Line transects: sampling type?
Systematic
Not random, trail and error,
68
Gene Pool
The total of all the alleles in a population
69
Allele frequency
No. of times one allele occurs/ an allele's proportion within a population
70
Genetic Diversity
Variety of alleles in a gene pool
71
Same species of flower
Individuals of a species can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
The hybrids can flower and produce viable seeds
72
Hybrid genetic diversity>separate species diversity
Different alleles in each of the two populations
Each species is adapted to live in different conditions
There have been different mutations in each population
Alleles from different species will mix/ hybrids receive alleles from both species
73
Biofuels - benefits for a country?
```
Increased income in order to export fuel
More jobs
Reduce fuel imports
Biofuels renewable
Fossil fuels are finite
Use biofuels as alternative to fossil fuels
Meet carbon targets
```
74
Why do biofuels limit contribution to global warming?
Why does clearling peatland/ removing plants contribute to global warminh?
Combustion of biofuels releases carbon dioxide recently removed
from atmosphere therefore there is not net increase in CO2 in the atmosphere
CO2 is a greenhouse gas that absorbs IR reflected from the Earth's surface and prevents IR escaping into space: therefore mean temperature of Earth's surface increases
```
Carbon in peatland was trapped a long time ago
Peatland clearance increases CO2
Net gain of CO2
Removing plants decreases photosynthesis
CO2 is released from Clarence machinery
```
75
Why use photographs to count woodlice?
Woodlice move about: difficult to count and some may be counted more than once or missed out.
76
Global Warming and Organisms
Global warming will increase the temperature at the latitudes
Temerpatures at these latitiudes may become too high for any of the species
New temperatures may be above maximum to complete delvelopment or above the upper upper lethal limit
Species move north to cooler region
Change in food source/ predators/ competition
77
How to create a valid experiment? Why is difficult in an environment such as a garden?
For results to be scientifically valid, only one factor needs to be varied. Other factors need to be kept constant. Many factors in a garden - difficult to control.
It is difficult to set test factor values
78
Niche of Sea Anemone
Role of organism within tropic levels
It is a predator and so controls population of prey
It is prey and so provides food for other animals
Provide shelter for some animals
79
Reproductive barriers ?
```
No interbreeding
Geographical/physical barrier
Different behavior
Incompatible genitalia
Each population has a discrete gene pool - restricted gene flow, different mutations, and different alleles
```
80
Succession
A sequence of changes in a community over a period of time
81
Climax community
Final community
It is self- sustaining
stable
and there is a dominant species/a few co-dominant species
Both plants and animals - climax community has high biodiversity
There is interaction between species
there is a balanced equilibrium of species
Stable if no change in environment or no human influence.
82
Plant Conservation Reasons
Conservation of genetic diversity/biodiversity
Extinction may occur occur if not protected
Aesthetic reasons
These plants may be useful e.g. as medicines.
Other animals depend on these plants ads a source of food/habitat. They are a part of the food chain.
83
Speciation
different conditions in each region
different selection pressures
restricted gene flow/separate gene pools
reproductive isolation occurs
84
Speciation by natural selection
```
Different gene pool
Leads to different gene pool
Leads to different/new phenotypes
New gene can be advantage
Advantageous mutated gene is passed on to offspring.
```
85
Light-dependent products
Needed in light independent stage
Products of light dependent stage are reduced NADP and ATP.
Reduced NADP and ATP
Reduced NADP is used for reduction of carbon dioxide/GP. It is a source of H^+ for GALP.
ATP is a source of energy.
86
Not all light hitting chloroplast is used by chloroplast - why?
Reflection
Incorrect wavelength
Transmission, no hitting the chloroplasts (or in excess)
87
With reference to chloroplast structures, explain how
| light energy forms ATP for organic material synthesis.
Thylakoid membranes in grana contain chlorophyll.
Light energy raises energy level of electrons
Electrons are released form chlorophyll/ photosystem by electron carriers.
A series of redox reactions occur.
Energy levels of electrons falls.
From ADP + P, ATP is synthesised.
Photophosphorylation occurs using ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis occurs.
Electrons from photolysis are used to replace those lost.
Other accessory pigments are involved.
88
Both RuBP and GP levels are constant until CO2 is lowered
RuBP and GP are in Calvin Cycle
At lower CO2 levels, the RuBP rise, fall, then stay constant
Rises because as being regenerated, falls as used to fix CO2, and then remains constant once new equilibrium reached.
GP at lower CO2 levels drops then stays constant. Drops because less CO2 is available to convert into GP/ less carbon fixation. Levels out as CO2 is still available, but at a lower level.
89
Light in excess for CO2 effect plant experiement
Light is needed for the light-dependent reaction.
Light intensity will not be a limiting factor.
The effect of CO2 can be seen as it is the only limiting factor.
ATP/reduced NADP produced during light-dependent reactions and are reactions required for light independent reactions.
90
Light independent reactions including Calvin cycle = carbon fixation
The site of carbon fixation is the stroma of a chloroplast produces GP
GP is converted into starch
Faster carbon fixation means a faster production of starch
Increased GPP of crop.
91
Cellulose synthesis from GALP
GALP is a 3C molecule
Formation of 6C sugar from GALP occurs
Enzymes are involved in glucose/cellulose synthesis
Cellulose consists of beta-glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds by condensation reactions
Cellulose is a long chain molecule - a polysaccharide, polymer
It is an unbranched molecule
92
Evidence supporting a curve which levels off shows
| enzyme activity the effect of increasing temperature
(Evidence supporting)
Typical of an inexyme/temp graph
Rate increases up to 30'C because more ESC/collions between enz and substrate
Rate decreases after 30'C due to enz denaturation
(Evidence not supporting)
Other factors could be affecting photosynthesis gas solubility (O2/ CO2) changes with temp.
Correlation not causation.
93
Cow stomach bacteria adapations
Resistant to low pH as acid destroys bacteria
Can respire anaerobically as low oxygen
Resistant to stomach enzymes
94
Valid plant seed experiment
Optimum temperature for germination
Viable seedlings used - making sure that seeds germinate.
Control all other variables to ensure investigation is valid
95
```
Plant growth mineral ions?
Copper
Nitratres
Sosium
Suphites
```
Nitrates
96
Explain region of seaweed according to colour light
Rate of growth is linked to rate of photosynthesis.
Top of shore is shallower water where most wavelengths are available/ lower shore is deeper water where only green and blue wavelegths are avalaible.
Red weeds reflect red light. Needs green light.
Redweed: highest rate in green light. Deeper waters (see diagram)
Green weeds reflect green light. Greenweeds need red light available. Shallow waters only. (see diagram)
97
Water and Sucrose transportation fin photosythesis
Water is transported in xylem to the leaves
Sucrose is transported in phloem away from the leaves
Water for light-dependent reaction (photolysis, source of H^+/ reducing power for NADH, phosphates for ATP synthesis).
Sugar is transported to make more room for more carbohydrate synthesis.
98
Biofuel may not being carbon neutral
Biofuel production may overall result in more CO2 in the atmosphere.
CO2 neutral means that the CO2 produced = the CO2 used.
Forests are carbon sinks.
Clearing land results in net increase in CO2 in atmosphere.
Less plants means less CO2 removed by photosynthesis
Burning trees produces CO2
Increased decomposition produces CO2
Fossil fuels used by machinery produces CO2.
Combustion of biofuels also produces CO2.
99
Inter-specific Reproduction Problems
Reproductive isolation
Different breeding times
Do not recognise courtship displays songs
Physically incompatible genetalilia
100
Same species
Successful interbreeding
Produces offspring
Same species produce fertile offspring
Offspring of different species may be infertile e.g. genetic incompatibility, different number of chromosomes, poor quality of gametes, low no. of gametes
101
Role of leaves in phototsynthesis
Maximum gas exchange and CO2 uptake. Penetration of light.
Light is used in the light-dependent stage for photolysis and photophosphorylation.
CO2 is used on the light independent stage in the Calvin Cycle in the production of GP.
102
Light-Independent Reactions
RUBISCO acts as an enzyme in the Calvin cycle and is involved in carbon fixation: the bonding of CO2 to RuBP (6C intermediate formed) to form GP (3C).
GP is converted to GALP.
Using ATP and reduced NADP.
103
Biofuels vs. Fossil fuels
Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 which is a greenhouse gas.
CO2 is taken in for photosynthesis/ carbon fixation during production of plants for biofuels.
There is therefore no net change of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when biofuels are burnt. Biofuels are carbon neutral.
104
No speciation
Two species share same habitat and experience the same environmental conditions therefore the same selection pressures.
They are both well- adapted to their environment. No mutations have recurred that change their phenotype to improve their survival.
No or few changes in allele frequency. The gene pool is stable. There has been very little change in environment over the years.
105
Population distribution of bacteria
Primary consumers (increase): less as eaten
Disease on habitat (trees): less as being destroyed
Competition (from other organisms): less due to lack of resources, e.g light, space.
106
Offspring of different species may be infertile - why?
genetic incompatibility, different number of chromosomes, poor quality of gametes, low no. of gametes
107
The tissues that would form vessels in a root, following differentiation.
Xylem
Sclerenchyma would be before
108
Explain how CO2 is removed from the air into the oceans by this process A
Carbon dioxide dissolves in the water of the ocean
Used for carbon fixation, in the light independent reaction, by photosynthesis of autotrophs - seaweed, algae, phytoplankton
109
CO2 from oceans to the air
Respiration, decomposition
110
Confusion products released into air
Carbon dioxide and water
111
Role of bacteria in process that releases CO2 from forests to air.
Decomposition
Breakdown of organic matter, plant material, bio,ass
Bacteria produce enzymes for digestion - hydrolytic enzymes, eg. Lipase, protease
Respiration produces Carbon dioxide
112
CO2 in air to forests
Light-independent reaction
113
Suggest why more C is entering the air then leaving it
Rate of production of carbon dioxide is greater than the rate of removal of Carbon dioxide
Use of fossil fuels, forests, releasing Carbon dioxide
This Carbon in fossil fuels, forests, was locked up, removed from the air years ago.
Deforestation resulting in less photosynthesis and Carbon fixation in the light independent reaction.
114
Optimum growth of duckweed
Solution should contain all the mineral that duckweed needs
At the minimum concentration
Nitrate ions, for nucleic acid, amino acids, protein, ATP, chlorophyll
Magnesium ions for chlorophyll
Calcium ions for cell wall, lecture, middle lamella
Phosphate ions for nucleic acid, ADP, ATP, NAD, phospholipid
115
Next six days not shown by plot on graph
Extrapolation
Drawing a line of best fit
Read value from graph
116
Effect of temp on duckweed growth experiment
Using solution of ions, complete medium
Using a range of minimum of 5 temperatures
Different temperatures will be achieved using water baths, incubators
Determining growth over a period of time
Number of plants, length of roots
Control variable, e.g same concentration of each inorganic ions
Repeats to calculate a mean average
117
Global warming
Gradual increase in average temperature of earth's surface , atmosphere and oceans.
118
How would global warming affect plant species?
Effects on plants
Loss of existing species, extinction
Changes in distribution of plants, species
Changes in numbers, size, growth, of plants, species
Explanations
There will be changes in rainfall patterns, droughts
Change in growing seasons, flowering times
Temp Kay become too hot for some species - emzymes denatured
Increased Carbon dioxide results in more photosynthesis, GPP,NPP, biomass
Fall in pH oceans, rivers
119
Some pie plea think future generations will not be harmed by global Warming
We can only make predictions about the future, extrapolate data, work on correlations
Scientist, industry, are presenting different views, insufficient evidence, about global warming
Some people surveyed did not understand, know about global warming
Some people surveyed did not understand, know about global warming
Some people do not believe in global warming, harmful effect,s because they do not want it to affect their lifestyle
Some people think that a solution to global warming will be found
Some people do not want to think about the future
120
Effect of reduction of plants on animals
Reduction of herbivores, primary consumers
This would result in a reduction of predator, secondary and tertiary consumers
A change in distribution of plants results in a change of distribution of herbivores
Loss of habitat decreases breeding rate, numbers
Loss of shelter, camouflage, provides more food for predators so they would increase in size and number
121
NPP units
kJm-2year-1
122
NPP =?
NPP = GPP - R
123
Suggest an explanation for the effect of depth of water on NPP in this fresh water lake
Light is reduced by the deeper water
Carbon dioxide levels might be lower deeper down
Ten might be lower deeper down
Less glucose, GALP, produced to convert into biomass.
GPP goes down but respiration stays the same.
124
Organisms for decomposition
Bacteria
| Fungi
125
PCR
The DNA sample is mixed with DNA primers, mononucelotides, and DNA polymerase.
The mixture is treated at 90'C to separate DNA stands.
The mixture is treated at 50'C to allow the DNA primers to attach the DNA strands.
The mixture is treated at 75'C to allow DNA polymerase to use to assemble a complementary DNA strand
The cycle of heating and cooling is repeated many times - approx 30.
126
Chemical reaction of cellulose digestion
Hydrolysis
127
Global warming
Gradual increase in average temperature of earth's surface , atmosphere and oceans.
128
How would global warming affect plant species?
Effects on plants
Loss of existing species, extinction
Changes in distribution of plants, species
Changes in numbers, size, growth, of plants, species
Explanations
There will be changes in rainfall patterns, droughts
Change in growing seasons, flowering times
Temp Kay become too hot for some species - emzymes denatured
Increased Carbon dioxide results in more photosynthesis, GPP,NPP, biomass
Fall in pH oceans, rivers
129
Some pie plea think future generations will not be harmed by global Warming
We can only make predictions about the future, extrapolate data, work on correlations
Scientist, industry, are presenting different views, insufficient evidence, about global warming
Some people surveyed did not understand, know about global warming
Some people surveyed did not understand, know about global warming
Some people do not believe in global warming, harmful effect,s because they do not want it to affect their lifestyle
Some people think that a solution to global warming will be found
Some people do not want to think about the future
130
Effect of reduction of plants on animals
Reduction of herbivores, primary consumers
This would result in a reduction of predator, secondary and tertiary consumers
A change in distribution of plants results in a change of distribution of herbivores
Loss of habitat decreases breeding rate, numbers
Loss of shelter, camouflage, provides more food for predators so they would increase in size and number
131
NPP units
kJm-2year-1
132
NPP =?
NPP = GPP - R
133
Suggest an explanation for the effect of depth of water on NPP in this fresh water lake
Light is reduced by the deeper water
Carbon dioxide levels might be lower deeper down
Ten might be lower deeper down
Less glucose, GALP, produced to convert into biomass.
GPP goes down but respiration stays the same.
134
Organisms for decomposition
Bacteria
| Fungi
135
PCR
The DNA sample is mixed with DNA primers, mononucelotides, and DNA polymerase.
The mixture is treated at 90'C to separate DNA stands.
The mixture is treated at 50'C to allow the DNA primers to attach the DNA strands.
The mixture is treated at 75'C to allow DNA polymerase to use to assemble a complementary DNA strand
The cycle of heating and cooling is repeated many times - approx 30.
136
Chemical reaction of cellulose digestion
Hydrolysis
137
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma is a specialised tissue, adapted to withstand both compressive and tensile stresses in plants. Sclerenchyma cell types may be divided into fibres, associated with phloem, xylem and other tissues; and sclereids or varied kinds. Sclereids originate from parenchyma and expand by intrusive growth. Phloem and xylem fibres in trees originate from the vascular cambium through delicately controlled, parallel cell divisions. Sclerenchyma cells have secondary wall layers that are constructed from cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of hemicelluloses and lignin. The cell geometry and the orientation of the cellulose are tailored to provide diverse combinations of strength, flexibility and stiffness in plant organs subjected to different loads by gravity, wind and weather. These properties are utilised in wood textiles and other natural materials of commercial importance.
138
Water to light dependent reaction to
Oxygen
Photolysis
H2O --->2H+ + 1/2 O2
139
Light dependent reactions to ATP from ADP and Pi ( inorganic phosphate, PO43-) and
Reduced NADP
140
Grana
```
Compartmentalisation
From cytoplasm
Thylakoids membranes are site of light-dependent reaction, photophorylation, and chemiosmosis, chlorophyll in membranes, photosystems
ATP synthase
Electron carrier proteins
NADP reductase
Membranes provide space for accumulation of H+
Stroma site of light independent reaction
Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
RuBP
RUBISCO
Present
```
141
Electrons in chlorophyll are excited as light energy is absorbed
True
142
The energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to produced ADP and NADP
False
143
Explain how oxygen is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Energy from light enables photolysis of water (producing oxygen)
144
Wavelength of light and seaweed
Rate of growth is linked to rate of photosynthesis
Top of shore is shallower water where most wavelengths are available
Lower shore is deeper water where only green and blue available
Green seaweed - best in red (blue) , very low in green, grows well if all, inc. red light, available so top of shore.
Red seaweed - can grow where green light available - deep waters
