Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is the health definiton from WHO?
A
A state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
What is a communicable diseases?
A
Diseases that can be spread between individuals
3
Q
What is a noncommunicable disease?
A
A disease that can’t be transmitted between individuals
4
Q
Give examples of pathogens?
A
Viruses, bacteria. fungi and protists
5
Q
What type of pathogen is cholera?
A
Bacterium
6
Q
What type of pathogen is tuberculosis?
A
Bacterium
7
Q
What type of pathogen is Malaria?
A
Protist
8
Q
What type of pathogen is Stomach Ulcers
A
Bacterium
9
Q
What type of pathogen is Ebola?
A
Virus
10
Q
What type of pathogen is chalara ash dieback?
A
Fungus
11
Q
What are the symptoms of cholera?
A
Diarrhoea
12
Q
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
A
Coughing and lung damage
13
Q
What are the symptoms of malaria
A
Damage to red blood cells and liver
14
Q
What are the symptoms of stomach ulcers
A
Stomach pain, nausea and vomitting
15
Q
What are the symptoms of ebola/
A
Fever with bleeding
16
Q
What are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback
A
Leaf loss and bark lesions
17
Q
How does cholera spread?
A
Contaminated water sources
18
Q
How does tuberculosis spread?
A
Through the air
19
Q
How does malaria spread?
A
Mosquitoes (vectors)
20
Q
How do stomach ulcers spread?
A
Oral transmission
21
Q
How does ebol spread?
A
Bodily fluids
22
Q
How does chalara ash dieback spread?
A
Carried through the air by the wind
23
Q
How can tuberculosis be prevented?
A
Make infected people:
avoid public spaces
practise good hygiene
good ventilation
24
Q
How can malaria be prevented?
A
Use of mosquito nets and insect repellent
25
How can chalara ash dieback be prevented?
Removing infected trees and replanting them
| Restricting the import of movement of ash trees
26
Describe how the Ebola virus is spread and what can be done to prevent its spread?
It is spread through bodily liquids and it can be prevented by isolating infected individuals
27
Where can viruses reproduce?
Inside living cells
28
When does the life cycle of a virus start?
When it infects a new host cell
29
What is the lytic pathway?
Where the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material which uses proteins and enzymes in the cell to replicate its material
The viral components assemble and the host cell splits open
30
What is the lysogenic pathway?
The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the cell therefore when the cell divides the genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA, however, the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made
Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
31
In the lytic pathway what does the virus use?
The proteins and enzymes
32
In the lysogenic pathway when does the genome replicate?
When the cell divides
33
Where does the genetic material go in the lysogenic pathway?
The host cells genome
34
Where does the genetic material go in the lytic pathway?
In the cytoplasm
35
What happens to the virus during the lysogenic pathway?
It remains dormant
36
When does lysogenic end?
A trigger
37
What is a trigger in the virus life cycle?
The presence of a chemical
38
How is chlamydia unique?
Although it is a bacterium it acts like a virus in which it can only reproduce inside host cells
39
What is chlamydia?
A bacterium
40
What can chlamydia result in?
Infertility
41
How can you reduce chlamydia spread?
Wearing condoms
| Screening individuals
42
What does HIV kill?
White blood cells
43
What does HIV lead to opportunistic infections?
HIV kills white blood cells which can lead to AIDS in whicch the infected person's immune system deterioates and eventually fails allowing opportunistic infections
44
How is HIV spread?
Via infected bodily fluids
45
How can you prevent HIV spread?
Wear condom
Avoid sharing needles
Medication can reduce the risk of an infected spreading it
46
Describe the lytic pathway in the life cycle of a virus?
The virus attaches to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
It then uses enzymes/proteins in the host cell to replicate its genetic matrial and make components of new viruses
The viral components assemble and the cell splits open and releases them
47
What happens at the end of lytic pathway?
The host cell splits open releasing the new viruses which infect more cells
48
How do antibiotics work?
By inhibiting processes in bacterial cells but no in the host organism
49
How do most antibiotics only target bacterial cells?
They inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls
50
How does inhibiting the building of bacterial cell walls kill bacteria?
It prevents the bacteria from dividing and eventually kills them
51
Why is it important to be treated with the right antibiotic?
Because different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria
52
Explain why antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial
| infections?
Because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium
but not the host organism and because viruses live inside host cells the antibiotics cant destroy the virus without killing the body's cell
53
What is in the growth medium when culturing bacteria?
Carbs, minerals, proteins and vitamins
54
What growth medium can be used?
A nutrient broth solution or solid agar jelly
55
How can you make an agar plate?
Hot agar jelly is poured into petri dishes which is then cooled and set
Inoculating loops can be used to transfer microorganisms to the ager jelly
56
What is used to transfer microorganisms to the agar plate?
Inoculating loops
57
What temperatures are cultures kept at?
25*C
58
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what do you add?
Paper discs that are soaked in different types of antibiotics
59
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the inhibition zone?
An area where the bacteria have died
60
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the contro?
A paper disc that has not been soaked in an antibiotic
61
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, why is the control done?
To be sure it is the anti-biotic killing the bacteria
62
The more effective the antibiotic, the _____ the inhibition zone
The more effective the antibiotic, the larger the inhibition zone
63
What aseptic techniques are used when investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth?
Sterilise the equipment using an autoclave
Heat equipment
Add lid
Store petri dish upside down
64
What does an autoclave do?
Uses steam at a high pressure and temperature to kill any microorganisms present
65
Why is equipment passed through a flame?
To kill any unwated microorganisms
66
Why must a lid be kept on liquid bacterial cultures?
To prevent microbes getting in from the air
67
Why is the petri dish stored upside down?
To stop drops of condensation falling onto the agar
68
What happens in the first stage of preclinical testing?
Drugs are tested on human cells in the lab
69
What must the tissues be during the first stage of preclinical testing?
Perfect samples for drugs (the systems the drugs affect)
70
What happens in the second stage of preclinical testing?
The drugs are used on live animals
71
What is the point of the second stage of preclinical testing?
To test that the drug works and to find out how toxic whilst finding the best dosage
72
What happens in the first stage of clinical testing?
The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
73
What is the point of the first stage of clinical testing?
To see that it doesnt have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally
74
What happens in the second stage of clinical testing?
The drug is given to those people with the illness
75
What is the point of the second stage of clinical testing?
To find the optimum dose
76
What is the optimum dose?
The dose of drug that is most effective and has the fewest side effects
77
What are blind trials?
Trials where the patient in the study doesn't know whether they have got the placebo or the drug
78
What are double-blind trials?
Trials where not even the doctors know who has the placebo or drug
79
What is the BMI equation?
BMI = Mass / Height^2
80
How do you calculate the waist:hip ratio?
Waist circumference / Hip circumference
81
WHat is cholesterol?
A fatty subtance that the body needs to make things
82
What is cholesterol use to make?
Cell membranes
83
What happens if you have too much cholesterol?
Fatty deposits can build up in arteries restricting blood flow
84
Where do deposits occur?
In areas where the artery wall has been damaged
85
What can fatty deposits trigger?
Blood clots to form
86
What are the lifestyle changes for CVD?
Healthy and balanced diety
Excercise regularly
Lose weight
Stop smoking
87
What's often reccomended first?
Lifestyle changes
88
Why are lifestyle changes recommended first?
They don't have many downsides
89
What drugs are used to reduce the risk of CVD?
Statins
Anticoagulants
Antihypertensives
90
What do statins do?
Remove the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream
91
How do statins reduce the risk of CVD?
They slow down the rate at which fatty deposits form, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes
92
What are the side effects of statins?
Aching muscles
93
What do anticoagulants do?
Make blood clots less likely to form?
94
What are the side effects of anticoagulants?
Excessive bleeding
95
What do antihypertensives do?
Reduce blood pressure
96
How do antihypertensives reduce the risk of CVD?
It reduces BP which helps to prevent damage to blood vessels which reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming
97
What are the side effects of antihypertensives?
Headaches and fainting
98
What surgical procedures are used to reduce CVD?
Stents
Coronary bypass surgery
Donor Heart
99
What are stents?
Tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep the mopen
100
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow
| Drugs also need to be taken
101
What is a coronary bypass surgery?
A healthy vessel replacing the blocked section
102
What are the risks of surgery?
Bleeding, clots and infection
103
What are the disadvantages of a donor heart?
Drugs have to be taken to prevent rejection
| The donor does not always start pumping properly
