Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

health definition (WHO)

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease (problem with structure or process not as a result of injury)

Question 2

communicable disease definition

Answer 2

caused by pathogens; can be passed from one infected person to the next

Question 3

non-communicable disease definition

Answer 3

not passed from one infected person to the next. usually caused by a fault in our genes or lifestyle

Question 4

disease correlation definition

Answer 4

having one disease may result in a higher chance of getting another disease

Question 5

malnutrition definition

Answer 5

a condition when a person’s diet doesn’t contain the right amount of nutrients

Question 6

non- communicable disease examples

Answer 6

• diseases influenced by nutrition
• some lung and liver diseases
• many cancers
• cardiovascular diseases

Question 7

bmi equation

Answer 7

mass/height^2

Question 8

pathogen definition

Answer 8

a disease-causing micro(organism) including:
- bacteria
- fungi
- virus
- protists

Question 9

how liver diseases work

Answer 9

large and frequent quantities of alcohol, can result in alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) with a later stage being cirrhosis (irreversible scarring of the liver) which can increase chances of developing liver cancer

Question 10

how cardiovascular diseases work

Answer 10

1. substances from tobacco smoke damage the artery lining
2. fat builds up in the artery wall, making the artery narrower
3. a blood clot may block the artery here, or break off and block an artery in another part of the body
4. this would cause a heart attack or stroke

Question 11

what do cardiovascular diseases do

Answer 11

• damage blood vessels
• increase blood pressure
• make it easier for platelets to stick together causing blood clots
• reduce diameter of arteries
• can cause a heart attack or stroke

Question 12

cardiovascular disease treatment

Answer 12

1. life-long medication (beta blockers/blood thinning medicines)
2. surgical procedures (bypass/stent surgery)
3. lifestyle changes (no smoking, improving diet, increasing exercise)

Question 13

ebola

Answer 13

type of microorganism: virus
effect/symptoms: high temperature, headaches, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, severe muscle weakness
how it’s spread: body touching, touching body fluids, touching unsterilised needles, having unprotected sex with a person with it

Question 14

HIV

Answer 14

type of microorganism: virus
effect/symptoms: short flu-like illness, 2-6 weeks after infection, might not cause symptoms for years
how it’s spread: men who have sex with men, sharing needles, black African heterosexuals, body fluids
what it does: destroys white blood cells, leads to the onset of AIDS

Question 15

cholera

Answer 15

type of microorganism: bacteria
effect/symptoms: bloody diarrhoea (more than 7 days), vomiting (more than 2 days)
how it’s spread: water and food

Question 16

malaria

Answer 16

type of microorganism: protist
effect/symptoms: high temperature, hot and shivery, headaches, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle pains
how it’s spread: mosquitoes (the vector)

Question 17

tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 17

type of microorganism: bacteria
effect/symptoms: damage to lungs, weight loss, night sweats, fever, fatigue, swellings in neck
how it’s spread: inhaling tiny droplets from coughs/sneezes, prolonged exposure to an infected person

Question 18

chalara ash dieback

Answer 18

type of microorganism: fungi
effect/symptoms: leaf loss, bark lesions
how it’s spread: airborne

Question 19

stomach ulcer

Answer 19

type of microorganism: bacteria
effect/symptoms: indigestion, vomiting blood, heartburn, feeling sick, sharp pain in tummy
how it’s spread: dirty food/water

Question 20

chlamydia

Answer 20

type of microorganism: bacteria
effect/symptoms: abnormal vaginal discharge, genital pain during sex
how it’s spread: unprotected sex

Question 21

First Line of Defence: physical defence: skin

Answer 21

a layer of protection (physical barrier), found all around the body

Question 22

First Line of Defence: physical defence: platelets

Answer 22

clot the blood to form scabs

Question 23

First Line of Defence: physical defence: nose and ear hairs

Answer 23

reduce microbe entry, found in nose and ears

Question 24

First Line of Defence: physical defence: mucus

Answer 24

secreted by goblet cells, traps microorganisms and other particles e.g. dust

Question 25

First Line of Defence: physical defence: ciliated cells

Answer 25

they have hair-like structures that can move. cilia waft the mucus containing trapped particles

Question 26

First Line of Defence: chemical defence: hydrochloric acid

Answer 26

secreted by stomach cells. low pH kills bacteria and viruses as they enter the stomach. pH 1 or 2 is optimum of pepsin enzyme activity, breaking down proteins. destroys pathogens in food and drink

Question 27

First Line of Defence: chemical defence: lysozymes

Answer 27

enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls. found in tears and mucus

Question 28

phagocytes

Answer 28

type of white blood cell that works against any microorganisms (non-specific)

Question 29

lymphocytes

Answer 29

type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and is specific to a certain microorganism

Question 30

antigen

Answer 30

molecule on the surface of the pathogens that identify them as a pathogen/foreign. it causes an immune response. antigens are unique

Question 31

antibody

Answer 31

a specifically shoed molecule produced by a lymphocyte during a specific immune response that can destroy pathogens

Question 32

when you're first exposed to an antigen, your body goes through a primary response. when come comes into contact with the same antigen, memory lymphocytes result in a secondary response

Question 33

steps of how pathogens are killed / role of the specific immune system of the human body in defence against disease

Answer 33

1. pathogens enter the body and start to multiply 2. lymphocytes detect antigens on the invading pathogen and produce specific antibodies 3. lymphocytes multiply rapidly and lots of antibodies are produced 4. antibodies bind to the bacteria and kill them 5. antigens also trigger production of memory lymphocytes 6. if you are infected by the same organism again, memory lymphocytes are activated and can provide a faster response

Question 34

vaccination/immunisation

Answer 34

deliberate artificial exposure of antigens to cause an immune response resulting in immunity

Question 35

herd immunity

Answer 35

when a high percentage of the population are vaccinated (and immune) to a communicable disease. makes it very difficult for a disease to spread

Question 36

steps of how the body responds to a vaccination/immunisation

Answer 36

1. a real primary response is mimicked but without the risks 2. specific lymphocytes are identified which cause an immune response 3. some of these lymphocytes differentiate to produce memory lymphocytes which remain in the blood for many years (eg memory cells for measles last for over 50 years) 4. if the body comes into contact with the natural pathogen (with antigens), they are destroyed almost immediately

Question 37

antibiotics

Answer 37

drugs that kill, or inhibit cell processes, only in bacteria. this is because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organism

Question 38

development of new medicine stages

Answer 38

1. discovery 2. development 3. preclinical testing 4. clinical testing

Question 39

stages of testing and reasons

Answer 39

1. A large clinical trial is carried out on many people with the disease to find out the right amount of medicine (dose) to use, and whether different people have different side effects. 2. Testing may be carried out on animals to find out how the medicine affects body systems, without risking human health. 3. A small clinical trial is carried out on a few healthy people to find out whether the medicine is safe for humans to take and that harmful side effects are limited. 4. The pre-clinical stage of testing is done on cells or tissues in the lab to find out whether the medicine gets into diseased cells and has the desired effect.

Question 40

risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Answer 40

- smoking - poor diet - lack of exercise - high alcohol consumption