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GCSE- Biology > Topic 5- Health, diseases and the development of medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5- Health, diseases and the development of medicine Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is health?

A

Complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

Disease that is infectious and can be passed person to person

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3
Q

What is an non communicable disease?

A

Disease that is not infectious and can’t be passed from person to person
- Hereditary, environmental, behaviour

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4
Q

Why can the presence of one disease
cause higher susceptibility to another?

A
  • Weakens the immune system and is therefore easier for a new infection to become more serious.
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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microrganism (or virus) that cuases disease

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6
Q

Which diseases are caused of bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis, Helicobacter, Cholera, Chlamydia

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7
Q

Which diseases are caused by protists?

A

Malaria

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8
Q

Which diseases are caused by fungi?

A

Chalara Ash dieback

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9
Q

x2

Which diseases are caused by a virus?

A

HIV, Ebola

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10
Q

What are the effects of Malaria?

A

-Blood and liver damage
-Prolonged fever

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11
Q

What are the effects of Cholera?

A
  • Diarrhoea, causes severe dehydration
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12
Q

What are the effects of Tuberculosis?

A
  • Lung damage
  • Coughing
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13
Q

What are the effects of HIV?

A
  • White blood cell damage
  • Leads to AIDS
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14
Q

What are the effects of Chalara ash dieback

A
  • Dying leaves
  • Bark lesions
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15
Q

What are the effects of Eboli?

A
  • Haemorrhagic fever
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16
Q

What are the effects of Helicobacter?

A
  • Stomach ulcers
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17
Q

Which diseases are airborn?

A

Chalara ash dieback, tuberculosis

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18
Q

Which diseases are waterborn?

A

Cholera

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19
Q

Which are transmitted orally?

A

Helicobacter

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20
Q

Which diseases are transmitted through bodily fluids?

A

Ebola, HIV

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21
Q

Which diseases are caused by animal vectors?

A

Malaria by mosquitos

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22
Q

What is the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Virus injects DNA/RNA/ plasmid into host cell
  • Virus uses host cell’s machinery to produce components of the virus
  • Viral components assembled
  • Lyse occurs as the viruses burst out the cell (exits)
  • This kills the cell
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23
Q

What is the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Virus injects DNA/RNA into cell
  • DNA/RNA become part of host cell’s DNA
  • Cell divides and replicates itself with the viruses genetic material
  • The lytic cycle is triggered into action (by chemical/pH change)
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24
Q

How are sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and Chlamydia are spread?

A
  • Through anal, oral or vaginal sex
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25
How can sexually transmitted diseases bee prevented?
- Regular testing + abstinence from sex - Reducing number of sexual partners - Practice safe sex with a condom or femidom
26
# x3 How do plants defend themselves physical?
- Cellulose around cells + thick waxy cuticle (impermeable) - Closes stomata to prevent pathogens - Bark (dead, prevents interest from pathogens) - Cells near infection kill themselves to prevent spread
27
How do plants defend themselves chemical?
- Poisonous kill or prevent consumption - Antibacterial chemicles kill pathogens - Release chemical compounds that attract organisms that eat pests
28
How do plants defend themselves mechanically?
- Prevent from being eaten - Thorns - Hairs (Irritate mouths) - Mimic poisonous plants
29
What chemicals from plants to humans use?
-Aspirine (willow) -Morphine (poppy plant)
30
How can plant diseases be detected?
- **Add** **nutrients** (magnesium if yellow leaves, nitrates if stunted growth) **observe** changes - Send to lab: 1)Take cutting 2)Grow virus/ bacteria on agar plate/ cultivating medium 3)to run tests/ microscope/ monoclonial antibodies - Monoclonal antbody testing kit
31
Physical human defences?
1)Sking- barrier + secrete oil 2)Mucus-trap pathogens 3)Cilia- waft pathogens to mouth/stomach to be coughed or killed
32
Chemical human defences?
-Tears/lysozymes break down pathogens -Stomach HCl
33
What white blood cells are part of the immune system?
-Phagocytes -Lymphocytes -Memory lymphocyctes
34
What do phagocytes do?
-Find pathogen -Engulf pathogen -Sac of digestive enzymes merges with pathogen sac -Pathogen killed
35
What do lymphocytes do?
-Produce correct antibodies to bind to pathogens antigens -Produce anti-toxins to neutralise toxins | these divide and multiply to make more of the correct lymphocytes
36
Why do bodies become immune?
-Still catch pathogen but no symptoms -**Memroy lymphocytes** can identify pathogens and produce quicker + higher volume of correct **lymphocytes** to be produced that make the right antibodies) | secondary infection
37
How do vaccines work?
-Weakend/dead pathogen injected in body -Body produces lymphocytes to fight it -Memory lymphocytes produced -If cuaght again, correct lymphocytes r produced faster and in greater numbers | therefore immune, barely any symptoms
38
Advantanges of immunisation?
-Herd immunity (majority vaccined then pathogens cannot spread easily) -Prevents illness
39
Disadvantages of immunisation?
-Mild reaction to vaccine/symptoms -Social stigma (thought it cuased autism)
40
What and why do antiobotics treat?
-Bacteria diseases -Inhibits bacterias cell functions | does not inhibit host cells--> not affect viruses
41
# x6 Plant diseases
1)Ash dieback fungus 2)Organisms (aphids or mealybugs) 3)Rose black spot fungus 4)Rice blast fungus 5)Tobacco mosiac 6)Bacterial canker
42
What does ash dieback fungus cuase?
-Malformation -Bark lesions
43
What does rose black fungus cuase?
Black spots
44
What do aphids and mealybugs cuase?
-Dehydration (in plants) -Damage to structure
45
What does rice blast fungus cuase?
stem decay
46
What does tobacco mosiac cuase? | virus
leaf discoloration
47
What does bacterial canker cuase?
-Loss of leaves (fruit trees) -Pus filled lesions
48
Aseptic meaning?
no contamination
49
CORE PRACTICAL: Aseptic technique to grow bacteria?
1) **Agar jelly**and petri dish sterilised 2) Place sticker with testing substance on jelly cente 3) All next steps near **blue flame** (create updraft + prevent contamination) 4) Swirl bacteria mixture to evenly distribute bacteria 5) **Sterilisie** **innoculating** **loop** by heating in flame 6) Place mouth of bacteria jar in flame (sterilise) 7) Use innoculating loop to streak bacteria on jelly (no digging creates clumps of bacteria) 8) Place lid and tape (allow some oxygen flow in **prevent** dangerous **anerobic** bacteria growing) 9) Store upsidedown to prevent condensation on jelly 10) Store no higher than **25 degrees** as it is dangerous (human body 37 degrees)
50
Why do we use agar jelly?
provides bacteria with nutrients to grow
51
How are new medicines passed/produced?
**Pre clinical:** -Discovered -Tested on single cells -Tested on animals **clinical:** -Tested on healthy humans -Tested on patients with placebo group (compare to see how effective drug is)
52
What is a monoclonal antibodi?
-Clone single cell that produces wanted **antibodies** -Lymphocytes do not divide quick enough -So bind with fast mutiplying **tumor**/ **myeloma** cell
53
What is a hypridoma?
-Fused tumor cell and lymphocyte
54
How collect right lymphocytes?
-Inject animal with antigen -Collect the lymphocutes it produced
55
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
-Drug delivery -Destroy pathogens -Find tumor cells (by attaching radioactive material to the ma)
56
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing?
-Pregnant women secrete HGC -Antibodies fixed to test strip -Antibodies mobile (where peed on) with **blue beads** If pregnant **free antibodies** bind to **HGC** and wash over to and **bind** to **fixed antibodies** accumilating **blue** beads If not pregnant, piss will wash over all and not bind.
57
How are monoclonal antibodies used in blood testing?
-Add flourescent dye to antibody -Will attach to specific compounds | used to find HIV in donated blood
58
What cuases non commicable disease?
-Poor diet: Obesity and diabetes -Sun exposure: Skin cancerr -Drug use: Lung cancer (tar), cariovascular problems (tar), Heart rate (nicotine), CO binds to heamoglobin starving oxygen supply. | or genetic
59
BMI is
mass (kg)/ height (m)^2
60
What does overconsumption of alcohol cuase?
-liver disease/cirrohosis ----> scared + cant function -Lipids build up in the liver-----> Fatty liver -alcohol hepatitis ---> leads to death | irreversible
61
Symptoms of liver disease?
-Liver inflammation -Sickness -Yellowing of eyes +skin -Weight loss (less bile produced for fat absorbtion)
62
What does smoking cuase?
-Cardiovascular disease -Lung disease/cancer -Damage blood vessels and alveoli
63
What cuases coronary heart disease?
-Build up of fatty deposits -Block blood vessels
64
How to treat cardiovascular disease?
-Statins -Stents -Heart transplants -Change environment (e.g diet)
65
How do statins work? | its a drug
-drug lowers cholesterol (in liver) (this builds up fatty deposisits in blood vessels) -Shorterm solution (continuous need for them as a longterm)
66
Positives and negatives of statins?
Positives: -Prevent cardiovascular disease Negatives: -Liver damage -Headaches -May cuase type 2 diabetes/ linked
67
How do stents work?
-Stent (metal net) insterted in a catheter (tube with balloon) -Balloon inflated -Stent is now wide -Catheter removed -widens blood vessel | made of metal alloys which do not trigger immune response
68
Positives and negatives of statins?
Positives: -Reduce risk of heart attack -Minor sugery Negatives: -Blood clots -Damage during surgery
69
Heart transplant positives and negatives?
Positives: -Plastic heart used whilst waiting for donor Negatives: -Not many heart donors -Immunosuppresent drugs taken to prevent rejection (increase disease suseptibility)

GCSE- Biology (9 decks)

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