topic 5 pgs 75-79 Flashcards
what are the kidneys?
a filtration system
how do the kidneys produce urine?
they take the waste products out of your blood
BUT glucose, some ions and the right amount of water are reabsorbed back into the blood
the concentration of urine in controlled by a hormone called….
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
-> this is releases into the blood stream by the pituitary gland
how can you treat kidney failure medically? (2 things)
1)-regular dialysis
2)-transplant
(NOT A QUESTION)
If the kidneys don’t work properly, waste product is built up in the blood and you lose the ability to control the levels of ions and water in your body
->this basically means death
Dialysis machine
1)-dialysis has to be done reguarly to keep concentrations of dissovled substances in the blood at normal levels
2)-in the machine the persons blood flows between a partially permeable membrane, surrounded by dialysis fluid.
->it is permeable to ions and waste substances, but NOT proteins (too big)
3)-the dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood
4)-this means useful ions and glucose wont be lost
5)-only waste substances and excess ions and water diffuse across the barrier
6)-many patients with kidney failure have to have a dialysis session 3 times week - 3-4hrs a take
7)- dialysis also causes blood clots or infections
8) very expensive for NHS to run
kidney transplant
PROS
-a kidney transplant is the ONLY way to cure kidney failure
-is cheaper in the long run
CONS
-body may reject it
-needs a specific donor (also someone who as recently died)
how many stages are in the menstrual cycle? and describe them?
1)-4
2)-v
-stage1 -Day 1 the menstruation starts
>the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
-stage2 -The uterus lining builds up again
>from day 4 to 14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg
-stage3 - An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14 (called ovulation)
-stage4 - the wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28
>if no fertilised egg is in the uterus by day 28 the spongy lining starts to break down, and the cycle repeats
what are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle
1)-Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)
2)-Oestrogen
3)-Luteinising Hormone (LH)
4)-Progesterone
What is FSH? and where is it produced?
1)-hormone that causes the egg to mature in a ovaries, in a structure called follicle
>and it stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
2)-it is produced in the pituitary gland
Where is oestrogen produced? and what does it do?
1)-produced in the ovaries
2)-it causes the lining of the uterus to grow
>also stimulates the release of LH
where is LH produced? and what does it do?
1)-Produced in pituitary gland
2)-stimulates the release of an egg at day 15
where is Progesterone produced? and what does it do?
1)-produced in the ovaries
2)-maintains lining of the uterus during the 2nd half of the cycle
>also inhibits release of LH and FSH
what hormone can be used to reduce fertility?
oestrogen
different types of contraceptives? (3 things)
-condom
-diaphragm
-spermicide
