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BMS292 > Topic 5 Renal System Disorders > Flashcards

Topic 5 Renal System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Haematuria

A

Red Blood Cells in the urine.

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2
Q

Define: uraemia

A

Urine in the blood.

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3
Q

Define: oligouria

A

Reduced urine output.

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4
Q

Define: anuria

A

No urine output.

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5
Q

Define: proteinuria

A

excessive protein levels.

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6
Q

Define: bacteriuria

A

bacteria in the urine.

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7
Q

Define: hyperuricosuria

A

excessive uric acid in the urine.

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8
Q

Define: pyuria

A

Pus or white blood cells in the urine.

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9
Q

Define: azotemia

A

Increased Blood Creatinine - i.e. retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood. (creatinine = a substance formed from the metabolism of creatine).

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10
Q

How does BUN change as a result of renal failure?

A

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) levels = INCREASES / builds up.

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11
Q

How does serum creatinine change as a result of renal failure?

A

Serum creatinine levels = INCREASE.

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12
Q

How does GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) change as a result of renal failure?

A

GFR = DECREASES to 15mL/min/

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13
Q

What is colicky pain?

A

Wavelike pain in the abdomen OR Dysuria = painful urination.

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14
Q

Define: BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen, i.e. a measure of the amount of urea in the blood. (Urea forms in the liver as the end product of protein metabolism - circulates in the blood - excreted through the kidney in urine).

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15
Q

Dysfunction of the Renal System =

A

3 main areas:

  1. Obstruction
  2. Infection & Inflammation
  3. Destruction of Renal Tissue
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16
Q

Disorders of Glomerular Function: 2 categories

A
  1. Nephritic Syndromes = inflammatory response to lesions or damage to glomerular cells.
  2. Nephrotic syndromes: characterised by large amounts of protein moving into the urine = hypoalbuminemia (lack of albumin in blood) & hyperlipidemia (increases lipids in the blood).
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17
Q

Nephritic Patho-Pyshiological manifestations:

A

Characterised by:

  • sudden onset of hamaturia (RBC’s in blood) & proteinuria.
  • deminished GFR
  • oliguria (reduced urine output)
  • azotemia (increased nitrogenous waste in blood)
  • salt & water retension = edema / hypertension.
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18
Q

Nephrotic Patho-Pyshiological manifestations:

A

Characterised by:

  • massive proteinuria
  • lipiduria (lipids in the urine)
  • hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood)
  • hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood)
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19
Q

Define: Renal Failure

A

Kidneys fail to:

  • remove metabolic waste from blood
  • regulate the fluid, electrolyte & pH balance of the extracellular fluid.
20
Q

What are the types of Renal Failure?

A

Acute: abrupt in onset, often reversible. Casues are categorised into 3 groups: Prerenal, Postrenal, Intrinsic.

21
Q

What the 3 types of Acute Renal Failure?

A

a. Pre-renal: caused by decreased bloody supply to kidney due to: shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction.
b. Post-renal: caused when urine flow is blocked (bilateral ureteral obstruction i.e. stones, enlarged prostate OR bladder outlet obstruction).
c. Intrinsic Acute Renal Failure: is caused when kidney function is decreased due to ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction.

22
Q

Define: Creatinine

A

creatinine = a substance formed from the metabolism of creatine (i.e. muscle metabolism).

23
Q

Define: azotemia

A

= accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.

24
Q

Define: hydro-nephrosis

A

refers to the urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis & calices associated w’ progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstruction of urine outflow.

25
Q

Define: albuminuria

A

High levels of albumin in the urine.

26
Q

Define: albumin

A

Albumin = a water soluble plasma protein. contributes to plasma osmotic pressure & maintenance of blood volume.

27
Q

Nephritic Condition =

A

= inflammatory response to damage to glomerulus.

28
Q

Nephrotic Condition =

A

= where the glomerular capillary membrane integrity is affected.

29
Q

Describe: peritoneal dialysis

A

= the peritoneal cavity serves as the dialysing membrane for the dialysis process.
- a catheter is surgically implanted in to the peritoneum.
# 3 Phases:
1. Inflow: dialysate is introduced
2. Equilibration (swelling): (diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration)
- electrolytes pass through to bloodstream via vascular peritoneum
- waste products pass from blood vessels into dialysate.
3. Draining:

30
Q

Describe: Haemo (urinary) dialysis

A

= a procedure in which impurities or wastes are removed from the blood by a machine (i.e. an artificial kidney) using the principles of diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration.

  1. the dialyser: a hollow cylinder
  2. a blood delivery system (pump)
  3. a dialysis fluid delivery system
31
Q

Define: UTI’s

A

Urinary Tract Infection - an infection of one or more structures of the urinary system.
- Most UTI’s are caused by gram-negative bacteria (E. Coli - 80-85%, Staphloccocus)

32
Q

What do Lower UTI’s cause:

A
  • cystitis: inflammation of the bladder

- urethritis: inflammation of the urethra

33
Q

What do Upper UTI’s cause:

A
  • pylonephritis: inflammation of the kidneys
34
Q

Define: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)?

A

= when fewer nephrons are functioning = therefor; hyperfusion & hypertrophy occur.

35
Q

CRF: ‘Diminished Renal Reserve’

A

= nephrones are working as hard as they can.

36
Q

CRF: ‘Renal Insufficiency’

A

= nephrons can no longer regulate urine denisty.

37
Q

CRF: ‘Renal Failure’

A

= nephrons can no longer keep blood composition normal.

38
Q

CRF: ESRD

A

= End Stage Renal Failure

39
Q

What is ATN?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis.

- characterised by the destruction of tubular epithialial cells leading to acute suppression of renal function.

40
Q

What causes ATN?

A

acute tubular damage due to:

  • ischemia
  • drug toxicity
  • toxins from infections
  • obstruction
  • sepsis
41
Q

What are ATN’s manifestations?

A
  • decreased consciousness
  • delirium or confusion
  • drowsy, lethargic, hard to arouse
  • decreased urine output or no urine output
42
Q

Define: Glomerulonephritis

A

= occurs when the glomeruli (tiny filters on the kidney) become inflamed.

43
Q

Kidney obstruction is usually caused by:

A

renal calculi (stones)

44
Q

Define: hypovolaemia

A

= low blood volume

45
Q

What do the kidneys do during Hypovolaemia?

A
  • secrete ‘renin’; which stimulates the production of angiotensin, which causes blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstrict), resulting in increased BP.
46
Q

What does the production of Angiotensin stimulate?

A

= the secretion of ‘Aldosterone’ (vasopressin) from the adrenal cortex which causes the kidney tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium & water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body - which increases BP.

BMS292 (9 decks)

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