Topic 5: The factors leading to the emergence and devlopment of modern day sports Flashcards

Question

Improved conditions of work: The effect of industrialisation on teh devlopmetn fo rational recreation

Answer 1

Saturday half day allowed afternon sport Shrter wrking week Early closing movemnt by shop workers Communcation: The sporting press was established Transport: Better trasnport means more fixtures Technology

Answer 2

``` Regulated National Universal COdified Urban Festival Respectable Regular Regulatd ```

Answer 3

More people became more literate therfore rules adn tactics coudl be implemented which lead to less violent behaviour

Answer 4

Lead ot more fixtures being played outside of local area therfore more popel could participate in sportq

Answer 5

``` Rural countryside Soceity split into two social classes Women seen as weaker sex Miinmal law and order Only upper class educated Limited transport Religion strongly followed ```

Answer 6

Mass game with few rules adn equipment Violent Lower class

Answer 7

Lower class: Upper class Excessive gambling No laws to limit violence or animal cruelty

Answer 8

``` Plenty of spce dor cricket due to rural land Mostly upper class, different roles allowed lower class to play, but reflected their status: Gentry ameaturs: Batted which reflected their positions as priveldged class Lower class professionals: Took labourign role of bowling ```

Answer 9

Range of events bringing whole village together. Only free tiime for working class seperate events for women including archery Pubs

Answer 10

``` Social class Gender Law and order Educationa dn literacy Availability of itme Avalibaility of money Type of transport ```

Answer 11

Different classes took part in different activities and had different roles Socail calss affected access to sports The nature of some actvities reflected teh class

Answer 12

Lower participation for woemn Different genders took part in different actvities Sports that were nit aggresive or didnt require strength for women

Answer 13

Many sports had limited rulesand regulaiton and rules were laclised Nothing was illegeal

Answer 14

``` Workign calss could only play simple sports with limited rules Workign class had unwritten rules ```

Answer 15

Lower-class had no time to participate due to long working hours Lower-class = no energy after long working hours Could only participate on bank holidays which there were few of Short activities

Answer 16

Upper class could afford sport requiring expensive equipment and specialised facilities, or transport to get there

Answer 17

Lower class had to play locally Lower class sports couldn’t have leagues/cups Lower class sports didn’t have standardised rules Many upper class built sports facilities at home to avoid travelling on poor roads Transport formed the basis of some sports

Answer 18

``` Unlimited playing area Unwritten rules Violent Occasional Simple LOcal ```

Answer 19

``` Specific pitches Specialised sport quipemtn Less violent Travel to fixtures Some coaching More rules due to education ```

Answer 20

Meieval briatin The tudor and stuart period Hanoverian period

Answer 21

Fee paying institutiosn for teh gentry The fees helpd pay for teh devlopemnt of facilities Rural locations and student boared Sine sex Free tie outside of lessons Spartan and flogging Endowed Controlled by board of trustees Dvided internally into boarding houses whihc becasme hub of games These gaes reflected home ives of the bodys. Againt sport(early 1800) 1800 onwards: sports encourged as a form of controlling boys in spare time

Answer 22

Wanted studentsto be mora gentlema therfore promote reguated sports in order to control boys Developed house system: where prefects organise and devlop sport for themselves and uner 16s Created link between sports adn moral adn ethics Atheleticism: Combination of physical endeavour and mral integrity.

Answer 23

Healthy body and healthy mind to serve fod

Answer 24

Took the mob games of workign classes adn gave them ruls: fixed numbers, kicking only, time imits- this is aso known as rtional recreation

Answer 25

Bullying and brutality Dr Thomas Arnold and social control Athleticism

Answer 26

culture of brutal blood sports All recrreational actvities organised by teh boys Masters ruled with a rod in classroom adn didnt care what boys did outside of class Melting pot Imposed discipline by masters and hooligan behaviour was norm Thsi era was instituationalised popular recreation

Answer 27

Thomas arnold wanted ot produce christain gentlemen and to prech good moral bhviour.

Answer 28

Combination of godliness and mnliness.

Answer 29

Used games as a ay to stablish socail control on boys More trusting relaitonsips with teh sixth form Master took roles as mentors Games kept boys out of troube The growth of teh house system in pubic schools ecnouraged team work amongst boarding houses There was regular pay on an inter house basis Technical devlopments increased orgnisaton, strcutrue and regularity of play

Answer 30

Public school boys move onto eitehr oxford or cambrdige Take the sports tehy devloped with them Cannot organise leagues, fixtures tournamens with so mnay different rules so sports codified. Indivual scoo rules ere put into melting pot and the best adn appropriate rules were selcted. Lead to devlpment of fotball rugby, tennis etc d teh establishemtn of the national governing bodies These can the overse and govern spors

Answer 31

Sports codified by upper classes, so they put in ameature ideal into sport (no payment, respect, fair pay) NGBs set up an run by upper classes- ameatuer ideals top or limit teh working lcasses access t sport to protect them and keep them for themselves. However, industrail revolution, changes this attite, schooling for all (better educated society, emancipation of women (more tright dn access to sport and education), work teams, church teams and better tranpsort etc

Answer 32

Mellowed buildings (more aesthetically welcoming) rther than harsh school building Magnificnei fields to play games on The wearing of caps Theawarding of shools to wrothy people Rues were ffollwed, fair play and sporsmanship Links to muscuar chirstianity

Answer 33

``` Captains in sport then captaisn in inudtry Making descions Ledaing by exmaple Testing temperman Testing courage and braveyr Organisational exepriences through committees Teamwork Loyalty to a team ```

Answer 34

To order the oyunger chilrdren around, tech tehm repect etc howver this ead to bullying

Answer 35

``` Bullying Gambling Poaching Hunting Tresspassing Therfore putting bad reputation on schools and upper calss people ```

Answer 36

Via rational recreation

Answer 37

Giving mob games rule and regulaiton Regular Giving people roles adn responsibilitys Makign these sports and games respectabel due to upper class playing them Regional due ot trasnport avalibailty to upper class poeple

Answer 38

``` Atheltisicism reached cult proportions Increased master involvemnt Cristian gentlemen Srucured inter hours Moral integrity adn sportmanship ```

Answer 39

``` Discipline Follow rules Courage Fair play Honour Integrity Competiive ```

Answer 40

Universal rules to allow tournament,cups and leagues to be orgnised. Also sets up national governing bodies e.g FA, RFU, ECB (ex public shcool boys) wehn making rules for sports.

Answer 41

What ex public school students did after univesity Army: Officers, not soldiers (As officer travel the world, they would take their sports taht they learned form university, they woudl teach tehm sports to improve theri discipline and fairplay just as teh were taught from school. Popel forom different countires copied teh sports) Chruch: These woud set up sundy school teams to make tehm more fit and lead to muscualr chirstianity (atheletiscim) Teachers: Teach sports to next generation Industry: Going to set up works teams,leagues. Give workers physical fitness Improve efficnecy of workers Politicians: Provide facilities Social reformers: Introduction of public baths and parks more space for sport. 1/2 days saturdays more time for actvities. Codification: Universal rules, leagues, cups National governing bodies: Leagues, cups and strcuture

Answer 42

mob games -- rational recreation -- university -- codification -- NGB

Answer 43

``` Modern olympics Based on publi schoos idea of sports such as: Sportmanshp and fair play Athletcisicm: Phsycial endeavour and mora integrity Codes of conduct Taking part more improtant than winning No prize moeny-amaeuers only Self discipline Naturlal ablity: No drugs ```

Answer 44

It was arnolds reforms, with their emphasis on sport fair play and teh system of allocating repornsibility to boys that led the public schoool system owards the muscualr chirstianity ethos

Answer 45

Organised sports first began to appear in public schools- at first they were disporved by teahcers. Howver as teh games became more devoped it was recognised that educational objectves adn morality could be passed on through participation in sport. Organised and stcrured sport therfore beacme a feature of ll public schools. The main sports played initially were football adn cricket. These activties were physicaly demandnign and relieed on cooporation adn leadership which were more desirbale

Answer 46

Codification ivolved teh cretona dn maintanenance of a set of national rules. The devoping transport system emant that tems and individuals could now travel out f local ara dn copete internationally. Thsi highlighted th problems with local version of gemaesa dn local rules. Regular play and written codes, devloped within public schools, evolved as senior boys continued wih sports at univetisty, and conitnung to econurage atheletisicm in their old school an in aeteru sport In most cases, each sport were appointe a national governing bod hich standaridesed teh rules adn organistaion of sports. These NGBS then beagn to devlop more fixtures and competitions

Answer 47

No financail gain regualtion | Funding and sponsorship were allowed for teh achievemnt of success

Answer 48

The 1847 fctories act reduced working hours to 10 hours, slightly more time for leisure actives tehrfore encourging growth of fctory teams Leanring becqame more avaiabel for poorest people, hecne

Answer 49

Health adn hygiene improved More time for sport owing to teh factory acts adn satudray half day Developemt of new middle cass chaged ways of behving and playing sport- it became ore acceptable and respectable Influece of ex plubic shchool boys via, industry and church Vlues of athletsicim Industriak patronage led to provisin for recreation and spor- factroy teams were set up Improved trasport Cheaper trasnport

Answer 50

The masses needed entairting Lack of spcace avalibefacotries Factory owners set up teams and provided facilities Wages gradually increased More free time avaiabel e.g staurday afternoons Devlopemnt of railways

Answer 51

Railways increasd participation oppurtunities adn spread interest in sport FAster trains means pooepl travel furtehr giving more time for sports mathches Soectators follow their teams to away matches adn regular fixtures devloped

Answer 52

Sunday school teams encouraged social control thorugh civilised activties. Imprvoemnt fo morality Muscualr christainaity

Answer 53

Set up NGB: Codification, standarideised rules for different sports, set up competiions As indeustarialists, provide faaiclities set up work teams As missionaries ofteh church: Encouraged spot, spread it on their travels aroudn teh world. As officers: Toook part in sporte and spred it through =out teh engish empire

Answer 54

more teasm/clubs were forming More fixtures wre required for teams to compete in Rules/codification for different sport requried Mintaiannence of th metrue ideal/control fo spot among teh middle upper classes was desired

Answer 55

``` Increase grass root priticpation Developelite performers Organise strcued competiotins Set rules adn regukations Devlop and train coahces Attract sponsoprhsip set up whole psort plan ```

Answer 56

``` Includes: how to devlop grass root How to produce mroe elite athelets How and who to win medals at future championships years plan ```

Answer 57

``` Transport The railway network allowed travel across a wider geographical area therefore requiring agreed formal structure. This allowed towns to compete against other towns. (2) Education The increased literacy rates enabled a wider population to understand a common set of written rules (2) Urbanisation The decrease in available space led to the need for a common set of dimensions for areas of play and to accommodate spectators (2) Law and order The government legislation reduced the amount of acceptable violence and led to the need for safety considerations in physical activities (2) Oxbridge melting pot Oxbridge students, who were ex public school boys, brought public school games together with different rules requiring common codification (2) Factory teams The growth of factories and “free time” led to the need for common competition regulations (2) Press Popularised sporting events. Newspapers could print reports, leagues and fixtures from national sports fuelling the need for NGB’s to administer their sport through formalisation of rules and regulations (2) ```

Answer 58

Urbanisation led to limited space for recreation and play therefore leading to defining specific playing spaces e.g. size of pitch. ● Transport enabled people to travel and play so a common sets of rules were needed. ● Oxford / Cambridge melting pot of the rules of local games ● Industrialisation led to a need for an educated work force which helped the recording of rules ● Regular working hours increased the chance of regular fixtures and leagues ● As transport links developed inter town / city rivalries grew ● More laws were introduced to regulate urbanised society which were mirrored in sport. ● Workers needed a release from industrial hardship so sought recreational pursuits / rise in ‘spectatorism’ on a weekly basis so led to Saturday afternoon being given over to leisure / sport. ● Factory owners keen to support ‘works teams’ through providing financial backing and space. ● Technological advancements gave rise to specialist kit/equipment

Answer 59

``` Higher investments from corporations/high wages for players  Enhancement of product design for corporations which raises standards  Supporters associate with image as opposed to geographical location  Supporters can follow top level sport even if it is not in close proximity to where they live  Increased financial support  Supporters can follow performers rather than teams  Develops player loyalty  Global events attract a wider audience/sports spread across world  increases popularity and profile  Increased investments from TV and sponsorship/bigger prizes  Attracts the best performers  Best coaches/training facilities/venues  Prize money increases  Venues e.g. Etihad constructed to hold more supporters and provide more entertainment ```

Answer 60

``` Allows teams to recruit top performers irrespective of nationality so raises standards/larger gene pool  Removes nationalism and allows spectators to follow any team  Sponsorship can come from any company with no national ties  Potential for performers to earn large reward / salary  Performers can switch or move from team to team  Traditional divisions between countries can be set aside / ignored Disadvantages  Performers and teams have no national identity that binds them together other financial/personal glory  Fans lack the passion seen when supporting their club/national team  Corporations dictate to team otherwise withdraw funding  Corporations ‘faceless’ no affinity with fans  Competitors not solely tied to corporation / hold national flags on winning podiums / national anthems played  Corporations may have a negative image – Red Bull ```

Answer 61

Emphasize athletics achievments of the participants rather than their disability

Answer 62

Sport was importnat for reeductaion and rehabilitaion of people with a disbality, particularly after a traumatic event, teaching independence and raising motivation and morales

Answer 63

Providing more oppurtunites for success e.g paralympics Increased investemnt in disabled sport Proviing trasnprt to facilities, improvment in access Improved tehnology e.g prosthetics Inreased media coverage more role models o reale adn inspire to setting up more clubs for teh disabled Educating peple on myths and sterotypes of diabled people adn challengin gnegative attitudes Desinging atvities for teh diabled Specalisst organistional suc as teh EFDS to suppor adn coordiante the delvopment of sporign oppurtunities increased number of specialist coahces Social acceptance of diabled athletes Rise in game provisions- invictus games

Answer 64

Social Acceptance of disabled athletes as sports performers – equal with able-bodied • Rise in games provisions – Olympic Movement/Invictus Games • Increased media coverage/support • Legislation to limit discrimination • Greater social acceptance of disabled individuals as equals • Increased technology enables participation – prosthetics • Rise in funding from NGBs enable full time disabled athletes • Other associated bodies/groups - The English Federation of Disability Sport/National Disability Sport Organisations • Diversity in sports –blind football/deaf • Role models – David Weir/T.G-Thompson/ • 11 million people in Uk now have a disability – not uncommon • Performances across a range of sports / disciplines with world records continually broken/closer to able bodied • NGBs obliged to promote opportunities/social equality • Athletes have to undergo testing to prove their disability • Major championships are still split into able bodied / disabled e.g. Olympics – Paralympics • Some examples where disabled/able bodied have competed with and against each other

Answer 65

Too many sports are still considered male only 2. Women are often not allowed to compete with men, even in snooker, where physical factors are not relevant 3. Poor media coverage 4. Less sponsorship 5. Less prize money 6. Fewer role models

Answer 66

* negative self-image/lack of confidence * relatively low income levels; costs of participation such as membership fees and transport costs etc. * lack of access in and around facilities, e.g. facility front desk is too high for disabled individuals to communicate with, doorways are too narrow, ramps do not exist within areas of a facility * lack of organised programmes * low levels of media coverage/few role models to aspire to; leads to a lack of information available * lack of specialist coaches/specialist clubs/competitions to access; lack of adapted/accessible equipment * myths/stereotypes about the capabilities of disabled people; lower societal expectations; safety concerns — disability participation has traditionally been considered dangerous

Answer 67

Sterotypes: Sports only for men such as weaker phsyically, less skilled, less competive, less interretsd Insecurities Class Age Race Disability Provision such as facilities an finnclial aid Esteem: status adn media coverage Equal oppurtunity: Partcipate, ecel, choice and career

Answer 68

There are more sportign oppurtunities for women suhch as soccer adn boxing Ldies soccer increasing inpopulaiton as not met with prejudice anymore Work of specialist agencies for women sport: These agencies aim ro promotsport to target groups adnd to edcate about hese target groups, in order to break down barriers to particaption and progression in sport. WSF aims to promote spor and mtivte women into participation through best practice

Answer 69

oppurtunity: Lack of time adn childcare: Have ess leisure time han men due to sterotype of taking care of children adn housework Lack of moeny: Due to gender pay gaps women earn ess moeny than men therfore cnnot pay for club membership or equipment Lack of trasnport: particularly for women with youn g children and disabled and livign in rural areas. Perosnal safety: People couldbe subect to racism. Poepl with disabilities become target for bullying Lack of access to facilities: Often sports halls priroties men who can choose when tehy can use teh sport facilities, hwoever women have to settlewit less coveninent imes. Partcualry limites to girls with disabiities Funding: Woemns sports less funded than mens and ess attraction of sponsorships Parent and adult influences: Negaive comments form coach adn parents Esteem: Lack of self confidence and body confiedence adn lack of media coverage and role models Provison: Faciltiesa dn financial aid Esteemm: Media coverge and social status

Answer 70

The mae dominated culture of sport: Traditioanlly it was seen s a sprot for men Attitudes and prejucdice about sexuality: Women fear tht they would be seen as too masculine. Homophobia Attitudes and preejudices about disabiliy: Women sufering form diability re more likey to not partipate thnan without. Multiple reasons physiclly innaccessable facilities, coaching staff who do not knw how to adpat teaching, lack of role models Ethiniccty: racism SExual harrassment

Topic 5: The factors leading to the emergence and devlopment of modern day sports Flashcards

(95 cards)