Topic 5 - The UK’s Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
What are the differences between urban core and rural?
• Population density
• Age structure
• Economic activities
• Settlement
How is population density a difference between urban cores and rural areas?
Population density is highest in urban cores.
Rural areas are sparsely populated.
How is age structure different between urban cores and rural areas?
Urban cores have a younger population - more jobs so a higher population of people of working age.
Higher proportion of older people in rural areas - retirement for a more peaceful environment.
How is economic activity different between urban cores and rural areas?
Urban cores have higher concentration of economic activity - more jobs, main employment opportunities are in the tertiary sector.
Rural areas have fewer job opportunities - more primary industry jobs. Some rural areas have become commuter settlements - people live their and travel into urban areas for work.
What Uk and Eu government policies have attempted to reduces differences between urban cores and rural areas?
• Enterprise zones
• Regional development
• Transport infrastructure
What are enterprise zones?
Places where the Uk government offers companies help with start-up costs, reduced taxes on profits, and access to super fast broadband.
What are regional development grants?
• These are similar to enterprise zones but are available over all of the Uk. They include grants and advice to help businesses start up.
• Most are targeted at peripheral areas, and small investors have to raise 5.5 times of any government grant.
What is transport infrastructure?
Transport improvements are vital to rural areas. Neither Cornwall, North wales or the Scottish Highlands have any motorways. Most transport investment is happening in England’s urban core. Cuts in government budgets have reduced spending on transport elsewhere.
What has national and international migration altered?
1) Numbers
2) Distribution
3) Age structure
How has migration influenced distribution?
1) Young migrants move to major cities where most jobs and universities are.
2) There has been lots of counter-urbanisation as wealthy people move out of cities to seek a better quality of life in rural areas.
3) Many older people move to coastal read un the east and south west of England when they retire.
How has migration influenced age structure?
1) The large number of young migrants increases the population in this age group.
2) Many migrants of child-bearing age so it affects the age structure of the Uk by increasing birth rate.
What is the Uk immigration policy?
The free movement of people within EU member countries to find work.
What has the Uk immigration policy done to the Uk?
Increased ethnic and cultural diversity.
What sectors are declining and what sectors are rising?
Declining:
• Primary
• Secondary
Rising:
• Tertiary
• Quaternary
What are the impacts of declining primary and secondary industries?
• Unemployment
• Stress
• Health suffering
• More crime rates
• Negative multiplier effect
What are positives of more tertiary and quaternary?
Positives:
• Higher disposable income
• Growing fast fashion
What is FDI?
A company based in one country can invest money in a different country.
FDI is foreign direct investment. It can take 2 forms:
• Companies can buy land or buildings and locate their factory or office there.
• Companies can buy all or part of an already existing business.
Why has FDI increased?
1) Globalisation
2) Privatisation
3) Free trade policies
How has globalisation increased FDI?
Globalisation is the process of countries becoming more integrated. It has increased FDI because:
1) Transport and communication links have improved making it easier for companies to operate in the UK.
2) London has developed as a global financial centre - many foreign banks have located there because of the business culture and networking opportunities.
How has privatisation increased FDI?
Services that were previously ran by the UK government have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI because foreign firms can buy them of merge them with their existing businesses.
How has free trade policies increased FDI?
1) Free trade policies reduce import and export restrictions, making it easier for countries to trade.
2) Free trade is promoted between member countries of the EU. This increases FDI from the EU because companies can move goods and services freely between the UK and their home country.
3) Free trade agreements with other countries can attract investors to the Uk who want access to the European market and often include special agreements for investment as part of the deal.
What are positives of TNCs for the UK economy?
1) Jobs are created
2) Large scale projects can be built that the UK government can’t afford to pay for
3) TNCs often lead the way in developing new products, technology and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase productivity.
What are negatives of TNCs?
1) Over-reliance - if there’s a problem elsewhere in the world the UK’s economy is also affected
2) Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs
3) There are big effects if TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers. E.g. many UK farmers are dependent on just one or two large TNCs who buy their produce.
What is site?
The actual location of a settlement in relation to physical characteristics of the landscape.
What is situation?
The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.
What is London’s site?
The Romans built a bridge across the Thames. It was decided it would be an excellent place to build a port. The water was deep enough for ships built for the ocean but it was far inland to be safe from Germanic raiders. The Roman merchants then built a town near the bridge - London.
What is London’s situation?
Being close to Europe London can trade there by sea quickly. London’s time zone helps its economic growth.
What is London’s connectivity like?
Regionally:
• Tube
• Busses
• Underground
• Motorways
Nationally:
• Trains
• Motorways
Internationally
• London Gatwick
• London Heathrow
• London Luton
• Eurostar
Cultural diversity in London?
• High diversity in cultural background
• 13 large ethnic groups
• Largest ethnic group is Indian
• Jamaican community in south central
• Turkish in the North
• Religion is diverse - Christian well distributed throughout the city, clusters of Muslims in NE, Jewish in the North, Hindu SW and Sikh in the East.
