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Biology > Topic 5.3 - Classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

Topic 5.3 - Classification and biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Binomial systems

A

Universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.

Genus begins with a capital letter, species begins with a lower case, the whole name is in italics.

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2
Q

Hierarchy of taxa

A

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

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3
Q

Domain

A

Domain ->

Eukarya, Prokarya, archae

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4
Q

Kingdom

A

Kingdom ->
(Eukarya) - Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Plantae

(Archaebacteria, Eubacteria - if splitting up further // not required for ib)

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5
Q

Phylum

A

Phylum ->
(Animalia) - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata, Vertebrata

(Plantae) - Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts, hornworts), Coniferophyta (conifers), Angiospermatophyta (flowering plants), Filicinophyta (ferns).

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6
Q

Class

A

Class ->
(Vertebrata) - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
(Chordata) - Agnatha (jaw-less fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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7
Q

Order

A

Order ->
(Mammalia) - Chiropptera (bats), Primates, Rodentia (gnawing animals), Cetacea (whales, dolphins), Carnivora, Artiodactyla (even toed mammals)

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8
Q

Family

A

Family ->
(Primates) -

Monkeys -> (Platyrrhines - new world (in Americas) and Catarrhines/Cercopithecoids (old world))
Hominidae -> (Apes, Humans, bonobo, orangutan)
Prosimians -> (Tarrsiiformes and Lemuriformes)

Carnivora - Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels)

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9
Q

Genus

A

Genus ->

Hominidae) - Homo, Pongo (orangu), Gorilla, Pan (chimp, bonobo

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10
Q

Species

A

Species ->
(Homo) - sapien, neanderthalensis

Organisms that can interbreed to form fertile offspring

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11
Q

Dactyl

A

Finger/toe

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12
Q

Artio

A

Even

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13
Q

Bacteria

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Absent

Introns -
Rare/Absent

Ribosome size -
70s

Cell wall properties -
Peptidoglycan

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ester lipids, unbranched side chains, d-glycerol

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14
Q

Archaea

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Proteins similar to histones

Introns -
Present in some genes

Ribosome size -
70s

Cell wall properties -
Not made of peptidoglycan; if present, mostly composed of glycan polymers.

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ether lipids, unbranched side chains, l-lipids

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15
Q

Eukaryota

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Present

Introns -
Frequently present

Ribosome size -
80s

Cell wall properties -
Animals -> no, plants -> cellulose, fungi -> chitin

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ester lipids, unbranched side chains, d-glycerol

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16
Q

Archaean

A

Found everywhere, even in extreme conditions.

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17
Q

Methanogens

A

Type of Archaean, produce methane (found in stomachs of cattle/termites).

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18
Q

Natural classification

A

Species in a genus and higher forms of taxa share a common ancestry

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19
Q

Reviewing classification

A

Taxa may be separated or combined if it is shown that they do/ do not have common ancestry

20
Q

Advantages of classification

A

Identification of a species is easier. If a species is not quickly known, its identification can be easier if it can be travelled through the taxonomy classification. Dichotomous keys help with assigning a species to its correct location.

21
Q

Advantages of classification (2)

A

Prediction of characteristics. Those in similar taxonomy can be predicted to have similar characteristics. Bats can be predicted to have hair, a placenta, a four-chamber heart and other mammalian properties because it is a mammal. If bats were classified with other animals like birds because they both fly, their characteristics could not be predicted with such accuracy.

22
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

Numbered series of pairs of descriptions. Numbers lead to elsewhere on the keys. (Page 265)

Used to identify a species.

23
Q

Bryophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
Rhizoids, but not long roots. Some only have simple shoots and leaves, others only have a thallus

Vascular tissue -
No xylem or phloem

Cambium -
No cambium, true trees and shrubs

Pollen -
No

Ovules -
No

Seeds -
No

Fruits -
No

24
Q

Filicinophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
leaves, roots, and shoots are present

Vascular tissue -
Contains xylem and phloem

Cambium -
No cambium, true trees and shrubs

Pollen -
No

Ovules -
No

Seeds -
No

Fruits -
No

25
Coniferophyta
Vegetative organs - leaves, roots, and shoots are present Vascular tissue - Contains xylem and phloem Cambium - Present, allowing secondary thickening of roots and shoots and development into trees and shrubs Pollen - Present in males Ovules - Present in females Seeds - Produced and dispersed Fruits - No
26
Angiospermatophyta
Vegetative organs - leaves, roots, and shoots are present Vascular tissue - Contains xylem and phloem Cambium - Present in some; allows for secondary thickening of shoots and roots and development into trees and shrubs Pollen - Produced by Anthers in flower Ovules - Produced and kept in Ovary in flowers Seeds - Produced and dispersed Fruits - Produced for dispersion of seeds (via winds, animals etc)
27
Vegetative organs
Organs that are concerned more with growth than reproduction. Examples - Roots, shoots and leaves
28
Vascular tissue
Tissue that is responsible for transport within the plant Examples - Phloem and xylem
29
Cambium
Cells between vascular tissue that can produce more vascular tissue
30
Ovules
Contains a female gamete, develops into a seed after fertilisation
31
Pollen
Small structures that contain male gametes that are dispersed
32
Seeds
Dispersible unit containing the embryo, food reserves, and a seed coat.
33
Fruits
Seeds together with fruit wall developed by the ovary
34
Porifera
Examples - Sponges Mouth/anus - None Symmetry - None ``` Skeleton - Internal spicules (skeletal needles) ``` Other external recognition features - Many pores for taking in water for food filtering
35
Cnidaria | Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features
Examples - hydras, jellyfish, anemones, corals Mouth/anus - Mouth Symmetry - Radial Skeleton - Soft, but hard corals secrete CaCO₃ Other external recognition features - Tentacles arrange din rings around the mouth, stinging cells
36
Platyhelminthes | Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features
Examples - Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms Mouth/anus - Mouth Symmetry - Bilaterally Skeleton - No, soft bodies Other external recognition features - Flat and thin bodies in the shape of a ribbon, no blood or gas exchange system
37
Mollusca | Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features
Examples - Gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves, chitons, squids, octopi Mouth/anus - Both Symmetry - Bilaterally Skeleton - Most have shells made of CaCO₃ Other external recognition features - Fold in the body wall (mantle) secretes the shell. The hard rasping radula is used for feeding
38
Annelida | Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features
Examples - Marine bristle worm, Oligochaetes (earthworms), and leeches Mouth/anus - Both Symmetry - Bilaterally Skeleton - Internal cavity with fluid under pressure Other external recognition features - Bodies made of many ring-shaped segments often with bristles. Blood vessels often visible.
39
Arthropoda | Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features
Examples - Crustaceans (krill, barnacles, shrimp, lobsters woodlice, crabs, etc), insects, myriapods (centipede etc), arachnids. Mouth/anus - Both Symmetry - Bilaterally Skeleton - External skeletons made by chitin Other external recognition features - Segmented bodies with legs and other appendages separated by joints
40
Fish | Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature
Outer layer - Scales: bony plates on skins Gas exchange system - Gills covered by an operculum and with a single gill slit Limbs - None Appendages used for movement - Fins supported by rays Fertilisation - Eggs and sperm released into water for fertilisation Young - Live in water for their whole life cycle ? - Swim bladder contains gas which assist with buoyancy. Body temperature - Do not maintain the internal temperature
41
Amphibians | Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature
Outer layer - Soft moist skin which is permeable to water and gases Gas exchange system - Small lungs with small folds and moist skin for gas exchange Limbs - Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs Appendages used for movement - 4 legs Fertilisation - Sperm and egg released for fertilisation Young - Larval begin their life in water, adults often live on land. ? - Eggs surrounded by protective jelly Body temperature - Do not maintain internal temperature
42
Reptiles | Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature
Outer layer - Impermeable skin made of scales made of keratin Gas exchange system - Lungs with extensive folding for increased surface area for gas exchange Limbs - Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs ``` Appendages used for movement - 4 legs (mostly) ``` Fertilisation - Sperm is entered into the female internally Young - Eggs are coated in a soft shell ? - Teeth of all one type, no living parts to them Body temperature - Do not maintain internal temperature
43
Birds | Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature
Outer layer - Skin with feathers made of keratin Gas exchange system - Lungs with para-bronchial folds and air sacs (to ventilate) Limbs - Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs Appendages used for movement - 2 legs, 2 wings Fertilisation - Sperm is entered into the female internally Young - Eggs are coated with a hard shell ? - Beak, no teeth Body temperature - Maintains internal temperature
44
Mammals (Outer layer, Gas exchange system, Limbs, Appendages used for movement, Fertilisation, Young, (not sure what to name this one), Body temperature)
Outer layer - Skin and hair created from keratin Gas exchange system - Lungs with alveoli, ventilated using ribs and diaphragm Limbs - Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs Appendages used for movement - 4 legs or 2 legs with 2 wings/arms Fertilisation - Sperm is entered into the female internally Young - young are produced that develop with the mother's aid (mammary glands produce milk) ? - Teeth with different types, contain a living core Body temperature - Maintain internal temperature
45
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA - this is what ribosomes are made from. This is why ribosomes are not counted as organelles (only made from folded rRNA)

Biology (27 decks)

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