Topic 6 Flashcards
(17 cards)
Outline that error bars are a
graphical representation of
the variability of data
Only standard deviation needs to be considered
- Error bars indicate the variability of data
- They display the distribution of data in a line graph
- Wider error bars mean less confidence in a value
- Short error bars show concentrated values, suggesting a more likely average value
- Long error bars indicate more spread out and less reliable values
Calculate the mean and
standard deviation of a set of
values.
Students should specify the sample standard
deviation, not the population standard deviation.
Students will not be expected to know the
formulas for calculating these statistics. They will
be expected to use the statistics function of a
graphic display or scientific calculator
State that the statistic
standard deviation is used
to summarize the spread
of values around the mean,
and that within a normal
distribution approximately
68% and 95% of the values
fall within plus or minus one
or two standard deviations
respectively
For normally distributed data, about 68% of all
values lie within ±1 standard deviation of the
mean. This rises to about 95% for ±2 standard
deviations
Explain how the standard
deviation is useful for
comparing the means and
the spread of data between
two or more samples
A small standard deviation indicates that the data is clustered closely around the mean value.
Conversely, a large standard deviation indicates a wider spread around the mean
Outline the meaning of
coefficient of variation
Coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard
deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage.
Deduce the significance
of the difference between
two sets of data using
calculated values for t and
the appropriate tables
For the t-test to be applied, ideally the data should
have a normal distribution and a sample size of at
least 10. The t-test can be used to compare two
sets of data and measure the amount of overlap.
Students will not be expected to calculate values
of t. Only two-tailed, paired and unpaired t-tests
are expected.
Explain that the existence
of a correlation does not
establish that there is a
causal relationship between
two variables
Aim 7: While calculations of such values are not
expected, students who want to use r and r
2
values in their practical work could be shown how
to determine such values using a spreadsheet
program
Outline the importance
of specificity, accuracy,
reliability and validity with
regard to fitness testing
Discuss the importance of
study design in the context
of the sports, exercise and
health sciences.
This should include a demonstration of causality in experimental results by the inclusion of control groups, randomization, placebos, blinding and
double-blinding, statistical analysis.
Outline the importance
of the Physical Activity
Readiness Questionnaire
(PAR-Q).
Evaluate field, laboratory,
sub-maximal and maximal
tests of human performance.
Field Tests - tests in the actual context/environment
ex. sprint test from home to first base in baseball
Advantages:
- conducted in the sporting environment
- cheaper
- increased ecological validity
- easier to repeat
Disadvantages
- environment can alter test results
- much planning in testing administration
- relies on estimation of data
- low internal validity |
Laboratory Tests - test in a lab
ex. measuring vo2 max while running on a treadmill at a lab
Advantage
controlled environment
- sport specific equipment
- stimulate sport’s demands
- uses specific equipment
DISADVANTAGES
- not always accessible
- limited value assessing team sports
- not conducted in the sport environment
- expensive
- need expertise |
Sub-maximal Tests - athlete works below maximum effort and data is extrapolated to estimate maximum capacity
ex. Harvard step test
Advantages
- prevents injury over exertion
- easy and safe to conduct
- time and cost efficient
Disadvantages
- depends on extrapolation
- small measurement inaccuracies can
result in large discrepancies
Maximal Tests - athlete works at maximum effort or to exhaustion
ex. beep test
Advantages
- measurements can be more accurate
- simple to set up and conduct
- more than one athlete can be tested at
once - can be done indoors and outdoors
Disadvanteages:
- risk of injury and over exertion
- difficult to ensure the athlete is working to
max - effort depends on athlete’s motivation
| — | — |
- specific to the sport
Distinguish between the
concepts of health-related
fitness and performancerelated (skill-related) fitness
Health-related fitness includes body composition,
cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity),
flexibility, muscular endurance, strength.
Performance-related (skill-related) fitness includes
agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time
and speed.
Some components of performance-related fitness
(agility, balance, coordination) could become
health-related for certain groups such as the
elderly and those suffering from hypokinetic
diseases.
Outline the major
components of fitness
identified in 6.3.1.
6.3.2 - Outline the major components of fitness identified in 6.3.1
| Flexibility | - hip and shoulder flexibility in gymnastics |
| — | — |
| Body Composition | - sumo wrestling (high % of fat)
- weight lifting (high % of muscle mass) |
| Agility | - tumbling in gymnastics
- receiving balls in volleyball |
| Balance | - maintaining balance during a handstand
- staying on your feet during a rugby tackle |
| Coordination | - coordination during breaststroke (pull of the arms with the
strong kick)
- coordination during a tennis serve (toss of the ball and
striking the ball with other hand) |
| Reaction Time | - gun at the start of the race in athletics
- verbal guidance from teammates/players/coaches |
| Strength | maximum strength - weight lifting
elastic strength - sprinting or triple jump
strength endurance - rowing or swimming |
Component of Fitness | Sporting Example |
| — | — |
| Muscular Endurance | - arms in a 200 m swim
- legs in a marathon
- arms, abdominals and quadriceps in a 2000 m rowing race |
| Speed | - sprinting
- vaulting in gymnastics
- fast bowling in cricket
- fast pitching in baseball |
| Power | - tackling in rugby or football
- spike in volleyball
- drive in golf |
| Cardio-respiratory Fitness | - long distance running
- cycling
- swimming |
Outline and evaluate a
variety of fitness tests
Consider validity, reliability and limitations of the
following tests.
* Aerobic capacity—multistage fitness test/
bleep test (Leger test), Cooper’s 12-minute
run, Harvard step test
* Flexibility—sit and reach
* Muscle endurance—maximum sit-ups,
maximum push-ups, flexed arm hang
* Agility—Illinois agility test
* Strength—hand grip dynamometer
* Speed—40-metre sprint
* Body composition—body mass index,
anthropometry and underwater weighing
* Balance—stork stand
* Coordination—hand ball toss
* Reaction time—drop test, computer
simulation
* Power—vertical jump, standing broad jump
Aim 9: Issues of using direct and indirect
measures of fitness, and the extrapolation of
data and generalizations across populations,
could be considered. Cultural variations in the
establishment of standardized norms may also be
explored.
Aim 7: Opportunity to use computer simulation/
modelling and databases.
Describe the essential
elements of a general
training programme
This should include:
* warm-up and stretching activities
* endurance training
* cool down and stretching activities
* flexibility training
* resistance training
* the incorporation of recreational activities
and sports into the schedule.
Discuss the key principles of
training programme design.
Limit to:
* progression
* overload (frequency, intensity and duration)
* specificity
* reversibility
* variety
* periodization.
Outline ways in which
exercise intensity can be
monitored.
Limit to:
* use of heart rate based upon its relationship
with oxygen uptake, that is, target heart rate
that coincides with a given percentage of
maximal oxygen uptake
* the Karvonen method
* the training heart rate range/zone
* ratings of perceived exertion (Borg/OMNI/
CERT scale)
