Topic 6: Contemporary Psychological Movements (Social, Developmental, Psychobiology, and Cognitivism) Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Psychobiology
A
the attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations
2
Q
Karl Spencer Lashley (1890-1958)
A
an early supporter of Watsonian behaviorism who eventually left the behaviorist camp when his neurological research and failed to support the switchboard conception of the brain upon which behaviorism was based
3
Q
Mass Action
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Lashley’s observation that if cortical tissue is destroyed following the learning of a complex task, deterioration of performance on the task is determined more by the amount of tissue destroyed than by its location
4
Q
Equipotentiality
A
Lashley’s observation that within a functional area of the brain, any tissue within that area can perform its associated function
therefore, to destroy a function, all the tissue within a functional area must be destroyed
5
Q
Engram
A
the supposed neurophysiological locus of memory and learning
Lashley sought the engram in vain, as have subsequent researchers
6
Q
Donald Olding Hebb (1904-1985)
A
under the influence of Lashley, did pioneering research in psychobiology
7
Q
Cell Assembly
A
according to Hebb, a system of interrelated neurons that reflects recurring environmental events
when stimulated, cell assemblies cause ideas of those events
8
Q
Phase Sequences
A
according to Hebb, systems of interrelated cell assemblies that form because of the simultaneous or sequential activation of cell assemblies
when a phase sequences is activated, it causes a stream of interrelated ideas
9
Q
Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-1994)
A
the psychobiologist who used the split-brain preparation to study hemispheric specificity in humans and nonhuman animals
using this technique, Sperry and his colleagues discovered that a number of cognitive and emotional phenomena are specific to either the right or left hemispheres of the cortex
10
Q
Split-Brain Preparation
A
a brain that has had its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
11
Q
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)
A
a Nobel Prize-winning ethologist
he is best known for his work on imprinting in geese and on human aggression
12
Q
Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988)
A
a Nobel Prize-winning ethologist
among psychologists, he is best known for his outline of the aims of etiology - to understand the function, ontogeny, causation, and evolution of behavior
13
Q
Ethology
A
the study of species-specific behavior in an animal’s natural habitat
the ethologist typically attempts to explain such behavior in terms of evolutionary theory
14
Q
Species-Specific Behavior
A
behavior that is typically engaged in by all members of a species under certain environmental circumstances
very close to what others call instinctive behavior
15
Q
Sociobiology
A
the discipline founded by Edward Wilson that attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of evolutionary theory
16
Q
Biogrammar
A
according to the sociobiologists, the inherited structure that predisposes organisms toward certain kinds of social activities
17
Q
Leash Principle
A
Wilson’s contention that humans create because doing so enhances survival
therefore, there is, should be, a close relationship between culture and the satisfaction of biological needs
in this sense, it can be said that biology holds culture on a leash
18
Q
Instinctual Drift
A
the tendency for learned behavior to be interfered with or displaced by instinctive behavior
19
Q
Preparedness Continuum
A
Seligman’s observation that the degree of biological preparedness determines how easily an association can be learned
20
Q
Behavioral Genetics
A
a branch of psychobiology that studies the genetic influence on cognition or behavior
21
Q
Thomas Bouchard
A
headed a research program that features the study of identical and fraternal twins reared together and apart
results indicated that intelligence and several personality traits are highly heritable
22
Q
Heritability
A
a measure of how much of the variation in a trait or attribute is determined by genetics
23
Q
Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett (1886-1969)
A
one of the first modern cognitive psychologists
noted for his use of schema to explain the reconstructive nature of memory
24
Q
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
A
focused on cognitive development and how schemata evolve during maturation and through experience
posited well-known stage theory of intellectual development in children from birth to adolescence
25
Noam Chomsky (1928-)
trained as a linguist, Chomsky wrote a review of Skinner's work on language, showing the limits of a behavioral explanation and beginning the "cognitive revolution"
much of modern psycholinguistics centers around Chomsky's theory of language
26
George Armitage Miller (1920-2012)
did pioneering research on information processing in the 1950s and 1960s that significantly enhanced the popularity of cognitive psychology
27
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016)
along with Miller and Bartlett, one of the first cognitive psychologists
among his contributions were the popularization of Piaget and Vygotsky
28
Attribution
for Heider, the basic patterns of explanation we use to make sense of the world
the fundamental attributions include effort, ability, task, and luck
29
Albert Bandura (1925-2021)
the developer of social learning theory, a behavioral approach focused on imitative behavior
30
Ulric Neisser (1928-2012)
noted cognitive psychologist
authored two classic textbooks and advocated for cognitive research that was both applied and ecologically valid
31
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
a branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which machines can stimulate or duplicate the intelligent behavior of living organisms
32
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
considered the father of artificial intelligence in computer science and psychology
among his contributions was the Turing test
33
Turing Test
a test derived by Turing (1950) to determine whether a machine can think
questions are submitted to both a human and a machine
if the machine's answers are indistinguishable from those of the human, it is concluded that the machine can think
34
Weak Artificial Intelligence
the contention that machines (such as computers) can simulate human cognitive processes but not duplicate them
35
Strong Artificial Intelligence
the contention that machines (such as computers) can duplicate human cognitive process
36
John Searle (1932-)
with his famous "Chinese Room" thought experiment, sought to demonstrate that computer programs can simulate human thought processes but not duplicate them
computer programs, he says, can only manipulate symbols according to rules (syntax), whereas humans assign meaning to symbols (semantics)
therefore, he accepts weak artificial intelligence and rejects strong artificial intelligence
37
Information Processing Psychology
the approach to studying cognition that follows in the tradition of faculty psychology and methodological (mediational) behaviorism and typically employs the computer as a model for human information processing
38
Cognitive Science
an interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind and mental processes that combines aspects of cognitive psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and computer science
39
Connectionism
the most recent type of AI that utilizes artificial systems of neurons called neural networks
as contrasted with GOFAI, which employed the sequential processing of information according to specified rules, new connectionism employs the brain as a model
that is, the processing of information within a neural network is distributed throughout the entire network
like the brain, neural networks are capable of learning, this was not true of GOFAI
40
Hebb's Rule
Hebb's contention that neurons within the brain that are simultaneously or successively active become associated
one type of neural network applies this rule by adjusting the mathematical weights of units that are simultaneously or successively active
the result is that consistent input gradually produces consistent output
41
Neural Network
a system of input, hidden, and output units that is capable of learning if the mathematical weights among the units are systematically modified either according to Hebb's rule or by back propagation
42
Back-Propagation Systems
neural networks that are programmed to learn by systematically reducing the discrepancy between their output and some desired output represented by a model or "teacher"
such systems learn by corrective feedback instead of applying Hebb's rule
43
What is the emergence of social psychology?
Gestalt psychology shaped the thinking of many psychologists, including Kurt Lewin, who is widely seen as the founder of social psychology, the subfield of psychology interested in social behavior and the sociocultural milieu
44
Who was Fritz Heider?
influenced by Lewin
nature of interpersonal relationships
issue of ideas we have about each other
always polarities: like/dislike, give/take, dimensions along with relationships can vary
45
What is Heider's P-O-X triad?
have to fix a disharmony; unbalanced state motivates us to address it
stress is caused by the whole structural dynamic
P: key person
O: object (other person)
X: a thing
46
Who was Floyd Henry Allport?
generally seen as the founder of "experimental" social psychology via his 1924 book "Social Psychology"
help legitimize social psychology in the positivism era
the social is transformed
social is inside the heads of the people; so can study social stuff as the individual
47
Who was Leon Festinger?
best known for his research on cognitive dissonance
the less they were reinforced, the more their behavior changed
get participants to do extremely boring task, tell next person the task is super great; either receive $1 or $20; then rate the study after; $1 rated the experiment as more enjoyable than the $20
cognitive dissonance reduction: have to reconcile what they know and what they say, so they change their opinion
set up direction for social psychology
48
Who was Solomon Asch?
is best known for two lines of research in social psychology:
forming impressions of personality
conformity
49
What was Asch's research on forming impressions of personality?
experience people as cohesive, not as the sum of their parts
attributes of people are a wholistic Gestalt
presented two lists of traits, only one word was changed, warm or cold
drastically changed the impression
50
What was Asch's research on conformity?
line judgment study
groups exert influence for people to take on opinions of the whole
are these lines the same length?
groups of 7 to 9 men, whole group was confederate but one
sometimes would make crazy wrong judgment
in face of group pressure: in 25% they will not conform
some people conformed every time
51
Who was Stanley Milgram?
best known for his research on obedience to authority
52
What was Milgram's "shocks" study?
participant told it was about punishment and learning
any time confederate got something wrong they shocked them
each time it was wrong they increased the shock
any time they showed doubt they were told "keep going"
participants would follow the commands even when they heard they were harming someone
doesn't matter what leads to it, if in situation with pressure, average person would do it
53
What was the "small world" technique developed by Milgram?
what is the probability that two random people will know each other
there was a chain linking the starting person with the target person (6 degrees of seperation)
54
Who is Phillip Zimbardo?
most well known for his famous Stanford prison experiment
55
What is the dispositional hypothesis in the Stanford prison experiment?
most people assume prisons are bad because they think prisoners are bad, and people who are guards will act a certain way
people are disposed to different conduct based on their nature
absolves us of responsibility so commonly held
56
What is the situational hypothesis in the Stanford prison experiment?
will take on characteristics of guards or prisoners in situations that allow them to do so
57
What were the results of the Stanford prison experiment?
lots of routines were modified or abandoned by guards
tendency toward negative emotional states between guards and prisoners
right of prisoners were redefined as rewards
positive things were taken away
90% of conversations between prisoners were about conditions
58
What is developmental psychology?
developmental psychology represents not only a specific area of inquiry in psychology, but also a particular approach to the understanding of psychological phenomena
the term genetic psychology is sometimes (confusingly) used to describe developmental psychology
the term is not used in the sense of "genes" (i.e. as a science looking at the role of heredity) but in the sense of "genesis" (i.e., as a science looking at how things come into being)
59
Who was G. Stanley Hall?
collected data used self reports
started child study movement of psychology
caused psychology to be embedded in American education
recapitulation theory: individual development replays development of species
adolescence as storm and stress
60
Who was James Mark Baldwin?
Baldwin moved away from experimental, introspective psychology towards developmental psychology partly because he came to believe that mind developed in the individual and was not always present in the same form
61
What is the relationship between assimilation and accommodation proposed by Baldwin?
assimilation: responding to environment in habitual ways, habits allow us to meaningfully respond to world
accommodation: respond to environment in novel ways, imitate other responses to deal with what we're interacting with
62
What were the stages of development proposed by Baldwin?
1. biological: governed by sensations
2. anthropological (evolutionary): mind as evolutionary across different cultures, mental representation, memories, but still passive
3. psychogenetically (genetically): developmental, set stages that are somewhat modulated by individual experience, mental life becomes voluntary
63
Who was Heinz Werner?
Werner agreed that development in children proceeded from a state of non-differentiation (globality, with few or no independent parts) to increasing differentiation (the orthogenetic principle)
differentiation: making finer distinctions between things in the world (not every animal is a dog)
hierarchical integration: putting categories into hierarchical relations with each other
64
What was the orthogenetic principle proposed by Werner?
key characteristic of all human development
65
What is Werner's idea of process analysis?
research technique, not interested in if they solve it, but what is the process they use to get where they're going
66
What was Werner's idea of microgenesis?
we can describe time scales for lower-level behavior
67
Who was Jean Piaget?
developed a unique clinical method: basically process analysis, look at qualitative nature of children's processes
best known for his stages of development
where does the wind come from?: different age groups would provide different answers
artificalist: depend on artificial causal agent
8-9 ego-centric: tend to conflate cause and effect
naturalistic: wind as moving air, more percise
not incremental modifications
development is constructed from stage to stage with each stage replacing the other
68
What were Piaget's stages of development?
sensorimotor stage (0 to 2 years): intelligence manifested through motor movement
pre-operation stage (2 to 7 years): intelligence manifests through use of symbols, thinking is still ego centric, hard to take other point of view
concrete operational stage (7-11 years): intelligence is manipulation of symbols as long as they are concrete, become more reality based in thinking
formal operational stage (11-15 years): intelligence is manipulation of symbols in abstract ways
69
What is Piaget's structuralism?
structuralism in his sense is the belief that the psyche is a developing organized structure, as defined by four main points:
1. a structure is a whole, i.e., one single thing
2. wholes are greater than the sum of their parts
3. cognitive structures are dynamic systems
4. these dynamic systems are self-regulatory (they tend towards states of equilibration and produce no elements by transformation that fall outside of the system)
70
What is Piaget's constructivism?
Piaget was a constructivist: he believed learning is a process of constructing knowledge through interaction with the world
the child is seen as a mini-scientist
he pushed the ideas of assimilation and accommodation (which are in fact routinely attributed to him now)
71
Who was Lev Vygotsky?
Vygotsky stressed the roles of social interaction and culture in development: full cognitive development requires social interaction
tools of intellectual adaptation allow children to use basic psychological functions more efficiently or effectively: for example, egocentric speech is a tool for developing self-control
72
Who was Eleanor Gibson?
studied with Hull at Yale
she introduced "hard" experimental methods into developmental psychology, and made some seminal discoveries (and changed the discipline) as a result
best known for her work on the "visual cliff": do children need to learn what a cliff is?, false edge on table, do they stop or continue over it?, they seem to recognize the cliff
73
What is psychobiology?
attempts to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations
does not imply biological reductionism
74
What was Lashley's observation of mass action?
loss of ability to perform a particular learned behavior following destruction of parts of the cortex is related more to the amount of destruction than to the location, the cortex appeared to work as a unified whole
75
What was Lashley's observation of equipotentiality?
any part of a functional area of the brain can perform the function associated with that area
if, following an ablation, any part of the area is spared the function would still be maintained
76
What was Lashley's search for the engram?
the neurophysiological locus of memory and learning
spent decades searching for it and eventually conceded that it was not possible to locate the engram
77
What are neural interconnections according to Hebb?
develop with experience
speculated that every environmental object we experience fires a complex package of neurons, called a cell assembly
reverberating neural activity allows neurons that were temporarily separated to become associated
78
What are cell assemblies according to Hebb?
cell assemblies become neurologically integrated to form phase sequences
79
What are phase sequences according to Hebb?
a temporally integrated series of assembly activities; it amounts to one current in the stream of thought
80
What is childhood learning according to Hebb?
involves the slow build up of cell assemblies and phase sequences
this can be explained using associationistic terminology
81
What is adult learning according to Hebb?
is characterized by insight and creativity and involves the rearrangement of already existing cell assemblies and phase sequences
about creative reconstruction
reorganizing the holistic connections between cell assemblies and phase sequences
level of development characterizes neurological learning
82
What is split-brain preparation?
ablating (cutting) the corpus callosum and the optic chiasm essentially splits the brain into two separate brains with no exchange of information
much of the early work was with animals
83
What is the split-brain work in humans conducted by Sperry?
the cutting of the corpus callosum helps people suffering from severe, drug-resistant, intractable epilepsy by decreasing the intensity of the seizures by stopping the propagation of the seizure from one hemisphere to the other
research with these patients has contributed to knowledge regarding hemispheric specialization
research indicates caution in too much speculation regarding specialization and its impact on learning and educational practices
84
Who was Alexander Luria?
a founding figure pf modern neuropsychology: studied brain damage in WWII
developed a theory of cortical function
brain divided into three major blocks: keeping us alive, obtaining processing and storing info, programming, regulating and verifying info
developed many neurological assessments that remain in use today
85
Who was Kurt Goldstein?
the organismic approach suggested that the investigator should not evaluate behavior mechanically, according to a set formula
understand the deficits through the totality
abstract attitude: could not deal with things in an abstract way (they struggle to say "the snow is black")
if they lack abstract attitude it creates anxiety
86
Who were William Scoville and Brenda Milner?
best known for their memory research on patient H.M.
three sections of the brain with increasing functionality:
oldest: medulla
med: mid brain
youngest: front brain
H.M. had a bi-lateral hippocampeptomy
persistent anterograde amnesia: could not make new memories, wasn't able to access new skills consciously
87
Who was Henry Molaison (patient H.M.)?
HM had been subjected to a "radical" bilateral hippocampectomy, which destroyed the anterior 2/3 of the hippocampus as well as most of the entorhinal cortex
more extreme surgeries: more extreme deficits
contradicted Lashley: there is some localization
88
Who was Wilder Penfield?
Penfield was an American neurologist who founded the Montreal neurological institute in 1934
89
Who is Michael Merzenich (1942-)?
challenged understanding of cortex
neural plasticity: suggested more plasticity than originally thought, took 2-9 months for form connection, nerve re-gen was not an instant process
90
Who was David Hubel and who is Torsten Wiesel?
famous for their research on V1
91
What is ethology?
the study of instinctive animal behavior
ethologists study a specific category of behavior within an animal's natural environment and attempts to explain that behavior in terms of evolutionary theory
92
What is species-specific behavior?
examines how members of a species typically behave under specific environmental conditions
very important to ethologists
93
What is sociobiology?
how social behavior arises from an interaction between behavior and environment
organisms will always take course of action that ensure genes are passed on
attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of evolutionary theory
94
What is biogrammar?
inherited structures that predisposes organisms toward certain kinds of social activities
95
What is the leash principle?
there is a close relationship between culture and the satisfaction of biological needs
biology holds culture on a leash
96
What is the relationship between evolutionary spcyhology and sociobiology?
sociobiology and evolutionary psychology are terms used interchangeably although not all researchers agree that they describe the same thing
criticism for accepting adoptionism
exaptation, spandrels
97
What is instinctual drift?
other researchers have found support for these views
suggested that within a given species, some associations are easier to establish
suggested that there are differences among species as to the ease with which different associations can be formed
98
What is the preparedness continuum?
this has been explained in terms that different animals are biologically prepared to form certain associations and contra prepared to form others and this has been selected for through evolutionary principles
99
What is behavioral genetics?
the branch of psychobiology that studies the genetic influence on cognition and behavior
100
Who was Thomas Bouchard?
found sizeable contributions of genes from twin studies
0.5 heritability for personality
genes significantly influence behavior
101
What is heritability?
the extent to which variations on a trait or attribute is attributable to genetics
research by various researchers have investigated the heritability of intelligence and personality characteristics
there is still much argument and discussion regarding these highly sensitive subjects
102
What is the Turing test?
raised the question about and developed a test of whether or not machines think
computer needs to act as human, the machine is exactly acting as human, if can't distinguish the test is passed and the machine is thinking
103
What is the definition of artificial intelligence?
the capacity of machines to manifest such processes as perception, cognition, and learning much as humans do
104
What is weak versus strong artificial intelligence?
proponents of weak AI claim that, at best, a computer can only stimulate human mental attributes
proponents of strong AI claim that the computer (when appropriately programmed) really is a mind capable of understanding and having mental states
105
Who was Claude Shannon?
a mathematician and engineer who invented information theory, which would be a central influence on cognitivism
106
What is the logic theorist?
developed by Newell, Shaw, and Simon
solve logical problems and might pass the Turing test
107
What are cybernetics?
is the study of the structure and function of information processing systems
108
What was Searle's argument against strong AI?
Searle distinguishes between syntax (manipulation of symbols according to specified rules) and semantics (assignment of meaning to symbols)
he stated that computer programs have syntax, not semantics
human though has intentionality, but computers do not
109
Are humans machines?
the question reintroduces important questions into modern times, such as what is the nature of human nature?
this type of question posed in relation to machines brings into play many issues such as the mind-body question and the lawfulness of human behavior and free will
110
What were the early influences on the cognitive revolution?
throughout psychology's history, human cognitive abilities have been studied philosophically, and later experimentally
the contributions of J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett, Fechner, Ebbinghaus, James
111
How did the work of Piaget influence the cognitive revolution?
his work demonstrated that the child's interactions with the environment become more complex and adaptive as its cognitive structure becomes more articulated through maturation and experience
his work in cognitive development between the 1930s and 1940s contributed to the revived interest in cognitive issues in the 1950s
112
Who was Frederic Bartlett?
studied memory and proposed a schema theory that was influential
memory cannot be accounted for by behaviorist, memory influenced by schemata
"War of the Ghosts" experiment: patterns in degradation of memory that are common, they retained the gist and the way ideas were reconstructed were framed by their values
113
Who was Donald Broadbent?
among the first to use the computer analogy got human cognition
proposed the filter theory of attention: filter will allow certain stimuli to pass but not others
114
Who was G.A. Miller?
argues that a symposium on information theory sponsored by MIT marked the beginning of modern cognitive psychology
continued to move the interest in cognitive psychology along with several contributions
Miller and Bruner founded a center for cognitive studies through which Piaget's ideas were popularized in the United States
115
Who is Noam Chomsky?
argues that the human brain is genetically programmed to generate language
each child is born with brain structures that make it relatively easy to learn the rules of the language
116
Who was Jerome Bruner?
was an early proponent of cognitivism
later went on to critique cognitive science as abandoning its original mission, namely he reintroduction of meaning into psychology
117
Who was Ulrich Neisser?
one of the early founders of cognitive psychology
wrote the first cognitive psychology textbook
first time someone organized all of the ideas to teach to students
understanding people in ecological ways
118
What were the physiological and Gestalt influences on the cognitive revolution?
Lashley and Hebb: continued to discuss physiology and behavioral phenomena and cognitive processes
always in conflict with behaviorists
they undermined it by affecting work of Tolman
119
Who was Albert Bandura?
social cognitive theory began its early development and is still a popular theory in use today
he was a behaviorist started to modify approaches to be more in line with cognitive
120
What was Bandura's idea of modeling?
observing behavior and generalizing to other situations
more cognitive than reflexive
1. characteristics of person we're observing
2. characteristics of observer
3. consequences of behavior that is being modelled
121
What is cognitive science?
uses the computer as a model for human information processing
it follows the rationalist tradition
has a strong nativistic component
122
What is faculty psychology?
information processing marks a return to faculty psychology, as does the recent discovery that the brain is organized into many "modules" (groups of cells) each associated with some specific function
123
What was the return of the mind-body problem in the cognitive revolution?
radical behaviorists denied the existence of a mind, but cognitive psychology assumes the existence of a mind
in each case, bodily events and cognitive events are assumed
therefore, the relationship between the two must be explained
124
How did Hebb's rule influence connectionism?
the cornerstone of this model states if neurons are successively or simultaneously active, the strength of the connections among them increases
125
Who were McCulloch and Pitts?
used formal logic and computational theory to understand neural activity
first attempt to develop computational account of brain: brain as a logic machine, logical calculus of thought
deeply elementist: connections between neurons were explained in terms of Boolean logic
implication: brain as deterministic causal network, maybe mental illness is alteration, experience is dependent on neural computation and how we are stimulated
126
Who was Frank Rosenblatt?
best known for his work on "perceptrons" or simulated neurons
perceptrons are units that respond to certain kinds of perceived input
we are built up over time by experience
similar stimuli will be encoded
127
What is a perceptron?
parallel-distributed processing
fell out of favor but came back again
deep learning: learning will build up in these units faster
128
What are neural networks?
a model of a complex system of artificial intelligence
as in the brain, associations among neurons in the network change as a function of experience
in the networks, synaptic changes (which occur in the brain as associations are made) are simulated by modifiable mathematical weights, or loadings among units in the network
strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights
learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of excitation and inhibition (represented by mathematical weights) within the neural network
129
What are back-propagation systems?
connectionist system that requires a "teacher" to provide feedback concerning the program's performance
NETtalk is an example of this type of system in which words are fed into the system and their influence travels through the hidden units until they are coded into phonemes
training consists of adjusting the weights within the network do that the discrepancy between the input and the desired output is systematically reduced
130
What is embodied cognitive science?
the body and it's properties affect our ability to think
cognition happens in the world
neural networks are dependent on humans so they are not coping with the environment
131
Who were Lakoff and Johnson?
work on metaphors was influential in early embodied cognition
deeply connected to experience of having bodies
only through experience of having body we can talk about "facing forward"
metaphors allow us to understand through our embodied experience
132
Who were Varela, Thompson, and Rosch?
founders of enactivism, a particular embodied cognitive approach
it is in doing that we think
biodynamics of living systems
133
Who was Huburt Dreyfus?
was a Harvard-educated philosopher who ended his career at University of California, Berkeley
he was a gadfly on AI for decades, having published his influential book "What Computers Can't Do" in 1972, with a revised version "What Computers Still Can't Do" published in 1992
embodied grabbling with reality is where knowledge comes from
134
Who is Rodney Brooks?
was an MIT roboticist
he left MIT in 2008 to work on his two companies: iRobot and ReThink Robotics
how can we develop robots that grabble with the outside world?
1. importance of embodiment
2. refusal to construct abstract representations of world
3. decentralize rational computation
