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Biology 🔬 > Topic 6 Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Topic 6 Coordination and Response Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Hormonal communication system

A
  • slower
  • neurone carried information in the form of electrical charges called nerve impulses
  • the brain acts as a filter and determines which receptor links up with which effectors and whether or not a particular stimulus brings about an appropriate response
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2
Q

Nervous communication system

A
  • fast - happen in milliseconds
  • stimulus - receptor - coordinator - effector - response
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3
Q

Structure and function of the central nervous system

A
  • coordinator is brain or sometimes spinal chord. This is known as the central nervous system
  • controls and coordinates the responses between the receptors, effectors and muscles
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4
Q

Receptors

A

Receives/detects the stimulus eg temperature sensors in the skin

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5
Q

Coordinator

A

Determines the response eg brain and spinal chord

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6
Q

Effector

A

Carries out the response eg muscle

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7
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the eye by changing its diameter

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8
Q

Pupil

A

Space in the iris through which light passes. Allows light into the eye

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9
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent front part of the eye which allows light into the eye that causes refraction (bending) of light

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10
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin transparent protective outer covering that helps prevent the entry of microorganisms

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11
Q

Lens

A

Refracts light to obtain a focused image

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12
Q

Optic nerve

A

A bundle of neurons that carries impulse from the retina’s light sensitive cells to the brain

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13
Q

Retina

A

Layer of light sensitive cells that can sense different coloured light (cone cells) as well as cells that don’t sense colour at all (rods).

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14
Q

How do ciliary muscles help produce a focused image on the retina?

A

Contract

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15
Q

How do suspensory ligaments help produce a focused image on the retina?

A

Slacken

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16
Q

How does the lens help produce a focused image on the retina?

A

Bulges/gets thicker/ increases in size

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17
Q

How are neurons adapted to their function?

A

LONG LENGTH - to carry impulses long distances
INSULATING MYELIN SHEATH - to allow rapid transmission of impulses
BRANCHING ENDS - to receive or pass impulses from or to many other nerve cells

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18
Q

Synapses

A

A gap between two nerve cells which functions as a junction

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19
Q

What happens when an impulse reaches a synapse?

A
  1. The impulse reaches the synaptic bulb
  2. Vesicles containing the transmitter move towards the cell membrane at the synapse
  3. Vesicles release their neurotransmitter into the gap between the two cells
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap
  5. If there is a high enough concentration of neurotransmitters, it will trigger an electrical impulse in the next neurone
  6. The used neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme
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20
Q

Voluntary actions

A

Responses to stimuli which you are conscious of. They are brought about by muscles attached to the skeleton

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21
Q

involuntary actions

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A

Happen whether we want them to or not. We have no conscious control over them

22
Q

A reflex

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A

An automatic immediate response to a particular stimulus. They are much faster and remove ‘thinking time’

23
Q

Why are reflexes so fast?

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A

They use a nervous pathway involving a small number of nerve cells called the reflex arc. This lowers ‘thinking time’

24
Q

What is the reflex arc made up of?

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A

A receptor, a sensory, association and motor neurone connected by synapses, and an effector

25
Homeostasis
Maintains a constant internal environment for the proper functioning of cells in response to internal and external changes
26
Why is homeostasis important?
The billions of cells which make up the human body need a specific environment in order to function. Cells are very sensitive to changes in their environment, so it must stay within a very narrow range for cells to function as efficiently as possible
27
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by glands and can travel through the blood to a target organ in order to produce temporary changes in the way cells function
28
Is high or low glucose levels damaging to cells?
High
29
What happens when glucose levels rise?
Stimulates the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin travels through the bloodstream to its major target organ the liver
30
How does the cells of the liver respond to insulin from the pancreas?
- increases their uptake/absorption of glucose - increases their respiratory rate - converts glucose into glycogen for storage
31
Where are glycogen stores found?
Muscles
32
Negative feedback
The mechanism that insulin uses to control blood glucose levels
33
Why do we need negative feedback?
The action of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels means that once normal glucose levels have been restored we need less insulin. This ensures that the levels of a key factor in the organism don’t vary too much from the normal level
34
Process of negative feedback
1. Meal rich in carbohydrate 2. Blood glucose levels rise above the normal set level 3. Pancreas produces insulin 4. Blood glucose levels decrease (via cells of the livers response to insulin) 5. Normal blood glucose levels are re-established
35
Diabetes
A condition in which the blood glucose control mechanism fails. People fail to produce enough insulin or respond to it correctly.
36
Type 1 diabetes
- occurs early in life - usually treated with an insulin injection and carefully controlled diet
37
Why can’t insulin be taken as a tablet?
It would be digested in the stomach
38
What happens if too much insulin is taken?
A hypoglycaemic attack with the potential of unconsciousness
39
Type 2 diabetes
- progressive disease linked to lifestyle factors and obesity - able to regulate by improved diet and increasing exercise to achieve weight loss along with tablets and sometimes injections
40
Symptoms of diabetes
- high blood glucose levels - glucose in urine - excessive thirst - lethargy - frequent need to urinate
41
Long term dangers of diabetes
- kidney damage - eye damage - stroke - heart disease
42
Why is the number of people with diabetes rising?
There are an increasing number of people in the population with a poor diet, lack of exercise and obesity, which could lead to developing type 2 diabetes
43
How does the excretory system work?
- blood reaches kidneys via renal artery - much of the fluid in the blood is filtered out as it passes through the cortex - useful substances and some water are reabsorbed in medulla (depends on how hydrated they are) - waste and excess water (urine) is taken to bladder via ureters - urine is expelled from body via urethra
44
How can someone gain water?
Drinking, eating, cell respiration
45
How can someone lose water?
Urine, sweat, evaporation from lungs and airways, faeces
46
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone that causes the kidney to re absorb more water and so reduce the volume of urine production (negative feedback not required)
47
ADH example
On a hot day if someone has been sweating a lot (losing water), ADH will be released from the brain resulting in a smaller volume of urine being formed and more water being retained by the body
48
Phototropism
A growth response in plants in response to light. This increases the rate for growth as more photosynthesis can occur
49
Auxin
Hormone which coordinates and controls growth
50
How does phototropism work?
1. Auxin is produced at the tip of the shoot and moves down it by diffusion 2. Light coming from one side causes the uneven distribution of auxin - more on the shaded side 3. Auxin causes cells on shaded side to elongate faster - this is known as differential growth 4. This causes the stem to bend towards the light 5. This increases photosynthesis and increases growth
51
What happens to the light rays when the eye focuses on a near object?
Diverge

Biology 🔬 (6 decks)

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