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topic 6 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is adult cell cloning?

A

A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell.

Adult cell cloning is a method used in reproductive cloning.

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2
Q

Define allele.

A

A version of a gene.

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3
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Small molecules from which proteins are assembled.

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4
Q

What are Archaea?

A

Primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.

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5
Q

Define asexual reproduction.

A

A form of reproduction involving a single parent. Creates genetically identical offspring.

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6
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

The universal system of naming organisms using their genus and species.

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7
Q

Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin.

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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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9
Q

Define classification.

A

The organisation of organisms into groups based on their characteristics and structure.

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10
Q

What is coding DNA?

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.

Coding DNA is essential for protein synthesis.

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11
Q

What does complementary refer to in DNA?

A

Describes how the chemical bases in DNA pair up with each other. A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

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12
Q

What are cuttings in plant cloning?

A

The simplest method of cloning plants. A branch is cut from a parent plant and replanted in compost after removing the lower leaves.

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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A cellular membrane disorder resulting from the presence of a recessive allele.

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14
Q

Define DNA.

A

A double-stranded polymer wound to form a double helix. Carries the genetic code.

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15
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter.

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16
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

A procedure used to determine the presence of faulty genes in an embryo produced by IVF.

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17
Q

What are embryo transplants?

A

The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host mothers.

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18
Q

Define evolution.

A

The gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time. Occurs due to natural selection.

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19
Q

What is an evolutionary tree?

A

A diagram which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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20
Q

What does extinction mean?

A

The death of all members of a species.

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21
Q

What is a family tree?

A

A chart used to show the inheritance of a condition in a family.

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22
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes. Restores the full chromosome number.

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23
Q

What is a fossil?

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A

The remains of dead organisms found in rocks which are millions of years old.

24
Q

What are gametes?

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A

Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes.

25
Define gene.
A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which undergo polymerisation to form a protein.
26
What is genetic engineering?
The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism.
27
Define genome.
The complete genetic material of an organism.
28
What is a genotype?
An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles.
29
What are GM crops?
Crops that have had their genomes modified by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism.
30
What does heterozygous mean?
When someone has two different alleles of a gene e.g. Ff.
31
What does homozygous mean?
When someone has two identical alleles of a gene e.g. ff.
32
Define inbreeding.
The formation of offspring from the breeding of closely related individuals.
33
What is the Linnaean system?
The classification of organisms into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
34
What is meiosis?
A form of cell division that produces gametes, non-identical cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.
35
Define mitosis.
A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
36
What is MRSA?
A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin.
37
What is a mutation?
A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants.
38
Define natural selection.
The process by which the frequency of advantageous traits passed on in genes gradually increases in a population over time.
39
What is non-coding DNA?
DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene expression.
40
Define nucleotide.
The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group and one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G).
41
What is phenotype?
An organism’s observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment.
42
What is polydactyly?
A condition where an individual is born with extra fingers or toes due to the presence of a dominant allele.
43
What is protein synthesis?
The formation of a protein from a gene.
44
What is a Punnett square?
A grid used to predict the potential outcomes of a genetic cross.
45
Define recessive allele.
Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele.
46
What are ribosomes?
Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place.
47
What is selective breeding?
The process by which humans artificially select organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them to produce offspring with desirable phenotypes.
48
What are sex chromosomes?
A pair of chromosomes responsible for the determination of gender. XY in males. XX in females.
49
Define sexual reproduction.
A form of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes. Creates genetic variation.
50
What is speciation?
The formation of new species in the course of evolution, often due to the evolution of two isolated populations.
51
Define species.
A group of similar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce fertile offspring.
52
What is the three-domain system?
A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota.
53
What is tissue culture?
A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants.
54
Define variation.
The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both.
55
What is a vector in genetic engineering?
A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another.

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