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Biology > Topic 6: Exchange with the environment > Flashcards

Topic 6: Exchange with the environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What three things affect rate of diffusion

A
  • SA:V ratio
  • Concentration gradient
  • Diffusion Distance
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2
Q

Why do larger organisms need more exchange adaptations

A

They have (typically) a higher metabolic rate, so they need to transport waste material away efficiently

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3
Q

What is Ficks Law

Equation

A

Rate of diffusion = (SA x Conc. Gradient) / distance

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4
Q

What does Ficks Law state

A

That any exchange surface will have:
- A Large Surface Area
- A mechanism to maintain conc. gradient
- Short diffusion pathway

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5
Q

Villi and Microvilli

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Folds in the walls of an exchange surface and extensions in individual cells on those surfaces
Where
Absorption of digested foods

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6
Q

Alveoli and Bronchioles

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles and small airway passges
*Where *
Gas Exchange

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7
Q

Spiracles and Tracheoles

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Respiratory openings on the thorax and abdomen on insects to control air flow and small airway passages
Where
Gas Exchange

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8
Q

Gill filaments and Lamellae

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
A tissue on a fish where gas exchange occurs and flaps on these structures to increase surface area
Where
Gas exchange

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9
Q

Thin, Wide leaves

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

Where
In Plants
What
Gas exchange

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10
Q

Capillary network

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Many tint blood vessels that surround exchange surfaces to maintain a gradient
Where
Gas exchange

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11
Q

What is the exoskeleton on insects made of and why

A

Chitin, for protection
Lipid Layer, to prevent water loss

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12
Q

What do insects have instead of lungs

A

Tracheal system

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13
Q

Why do insects need gas exchange surfaces

A

Water evaporates off the surface of terrestial insects,
Adaptations of gas exchange prove ideal conditions for evaporation

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14
Q

What are the structures part of the tracheal systems

A
  • Spiracles
  • Trachea
  • Tracheoles
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15
Q

What are Spiracles?

A

Round, valve like openings

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16
Q

Where are the spiracles located

A

They run along the length of the abdomen

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17
Q

What enters and leaves via the spiracles

A

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What are the trachea

A

Network of internal tubes

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19
Q

Why do the trachea have rings within them

A
  • To strengthen the tubes
  • To keep them open
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20
Q

What does the trachea branch into

A

Tracheoles

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21
Q

Where do you find the tracheoles

A

deeper in the abdomen

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22
Q

Where do the tracheoles extend to

A

All tissues in the insect

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the tracheoles

A

To deliver oxygen to all respiring cells

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24
Q

What are the three methods of moving gas in the tracheal system

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Mass Transport
  3. Osmosis
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25
How does gas exchange occur by diffusion in the tracheal system?
* Cell respiration uses up O2 and produces CO2. * Creates concentration gradient from tracheoles to atmosphere
26
How does gas exchange occur by Mass Transport in the tracheal system?
* Insect contracts and relaxes its muscles to move gases in larg amounts
27
How does gas exchange occur by Osmosis in the tracheal system?
* Insect in flight respires anaerobically * Produces lactate * Lowers water potential of cells * Water moves into cells via osmosis * Decreases pressure in the tracheoles * draws more air from the atmosphere
28
When will gas exchange by osmosis be facillitated?
When the insect is in flight
29
Name the three adaptations of the tracheal system
* Large SA:V * Short Diffusion Pathway * Maintained conc gradientt
30
What is the example of a large surface area in the trahceal system
Large abundance of find tracheoles
31
How is short diffusion pathway implemented in the tracheal system
Walls of tracheoles are thin Distance between spiracles on the outside, and tracheoles on the inside is short
32
How is a maintained conc gradient implemented in the tracheal system
Use of oxygen and production of CO2 creates steep conc gradient
33
What prevents gas exchange across the surface of fish bodies
Their scales making them waterproof
34
What structure do fish have for gas exchange?
Gills
35
What is fish' SA:V | Small / large
Small
36
How do fish obtain oxygen
From water
37
How many layers are there on fish gills
Four layers
38
What do you call each layer of the gill
Gill filament
39
What is each gill filament covered in
Lamellae
40
How are the lamellae positioned on the gill filament
Adjacent to the gill filament (right angles)
41
Why do fish have lamellae
To increase surface area
42
Where does diffusion of oxygen in fish occur
On the lamellae
43
How do fish obtain oxygen
* water enters through mouth * rushes over gills where oxygen diffuses in lamellae * out through a gap in the side of the fish head
44
What is countercurrent exchange?
Countercurrent is when the water flows over the gills, in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in the capillaries
45
Why do fish need countercurrent exchange?
* ensures the concentration gradient is maintianed across the entire length of gill lamellae * equillibrium of oxygen conc. never reached
46
State and explain the three adaptations do fish have for gaseous exchange?
* Short diffusion distance A capillary network within each gill lamellae * Large SA:V Four gills. stacks of filaments, covered in lamellae * Maintain conc. gradient Countercurrent flow mechanism
47
Name the main structures of the dicotyledonous leaf
* Waxy cuticle * Upper / Lower Epidermis * Spongy Mesophyll * Palisade Mesophyll * Stomata + Guard cells
48
Where does gas exchange happen in leaves
Through the stomata on the bottom sides of leaves
49
Explain Gas exchange in leaves
* gas diffuses through the stomata on bottom of leaves * CO2 diffuses into spongy mesophyll * Spongy mesophyll has ots of space, creates conc. gradient * CO2 diffuses up towards the palisade mesophyll
50
50
Name and explain three adaptations of leaves for gas exchange
* Large SA:V Wide and thin, spongy mesophyll has large sa * Short diffusion pathway Many stomata, every living cell is close to external air and source of oxygen * Maintained conc. gradient CO2 and O2 create steep conc. gradient
51
What strcture on the leaf is responsible for reducing water loss
Stomata (controlled by guard cells)
52
How do the stomata reduce water loss by evaporation
* Guard cells shrink * Stomata close at night * because photosynthesis is slows and stops
53
What is a xerophytic plant
Adapted to survive in environments with limited water, with features that minimise water loss and maximise efficient gas exchange
54
What are the 5 adaptations of xerophtes
1. Curled leaves 2. Hairs 3. Stomata are sunken in folds 4. Thicker cuticle 5. Longer root network
55
How do curled leaves help xerophytic plants
* Trap evaporated water * Increase local humdidity * Reduced conc. gradient
56
How do Hairs help xerophytic plants
Trap moisture to increase local humidity
57
How do sunked stomata help xerophytic plants
* stomata sunken in folds * trap moisture * increase local humdidty
58
How does a thicker cuticle help xerophytic plants
Reduces evaporation
59
How do long root networks help xerophytic plants
Allows them to reach for more water
60
Define respiration
Chemical reaction that releases energy int eh form of ATP
61
(In order), state the pathway of air
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
62
What allows the trachea to expand and contract during ventilation
C-shaped cartilage rings
63
Why are th Cartilage rings important for the trachea
* Support the trachea * Prevent it from collapsing as you exhale and pressure decreases
64
State and explain the adaptations of the alveoli
* Large SA:V Millions of alveoli * Short diffusion pathway Capillaries and epithelia of alveoli are 1 cell thick * Maintained conc. gradient Capillary network carries oxygen away from lungs and CO2 towards the lungs
65
How does the capillaries being one cell thick maximise gas exchange
* RBC are slowed as they pass through * Diffusion distance minimised * Distance between alveoli air and RBC is reduced
66
What are the two main muscles involved with Ventilation
1. Diaphragm 2. Internal / External intercostal muscles
67
What are the internal and external intercostal muscles
Antagonistic pair
68
Explain Inspiration (Inhalation)
* External intercostals contract, internal intercostals relax * Rib cage moves up and out * Diaphragm contracts, moves down * Increases volume * Lowers pressure * Air rushes into lungs
69
Explain Expiration (Exhalation)
* Internal intercostals contract, external intercostals relax * Rib cage moves down and in * Diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape * Decreased volume, increased pressure * Air rushes out
70
Define tidal volume
The amunt of air that is moved into or out of the lungs in a given time
71
Define pulmonary ventilation rate
Total volume of air that is moved into the lungs in one minute
72
What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation rate
Pulmonary ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate
73
What is a spirometer
* Instrument used to measure lung capacity * You blow out into it as much as you can with a nose plug on
74
How does bronchitis affect gas exchange
* Inflammation of bronchioles * mucus production decreases air flow * deccreases amount of oxygen entering * decreases amount of CO2 leaving * minimises the conc. gradient * minimises gas exchange
75
What is asthma
* Chronic condition * Inflammation of the airways * Produces mucus * decreases air flow
76
What is pulmonary fibrosis
* Scarring of the lungs * damages alveoli * thickens walls of tissue * decreases sa * reduces gas exchange
77
What two main enzymes digest carbohydrates
* Salivary amylase * Membrane bound disaccharidases
78
Describe digestion of carbohydrates
* Salivary amylase hydrolyses polysaccharides into disacchardie maltose, via hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds * Travels to duodenum, which recieves enzymes via ducts from the pancrease * In duodenum and ileum, membrane bound disaccharidases hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides
79
What are the disaccharides and their monosaccharides | and their disaccharidases
* Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (maltase) * Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (sucrase) * Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (lactase)
80
Name and explain the three enzymes that hydrolyse protiens
1. Endopeptidases Hydrolyses peptide bonds in the *middle* of polypeptide 2. Exopeptidases Hydrolyses peptide bonds at the *end* of polypeptide chain 3. Membrane bound dipeptidases Hydrolyse peptide bonds between two amino acids
81
Where does protien digestion start
In the stomach
82

Biology (19 decks)

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