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biology > topic 6 - human physiology > Flashcards

topic 6 - human physiology Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two groups of organs that make up the digestive system?

A

alimentary canal

accessory organs

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

organs through which food actually passes (esophagus, stomach, small + large intestine)

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs?

A

aid in digestion, but do not actually transfer food (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder)

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4
Q

what is the esophagus + what does it do

A

hollow tube connecting the oral cavity to the stomach

food is mixed with saliva then is moved in abolus via the action of peristalsis

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5
Q

what is a bolus?

A

soft mass of chewed food

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6
Q

what is the stomach

A

temporary storage tank where food is mixed by churning and protein digestion begins

lined by gastric pits that release digestive juices, creating an acidic environment

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7
Q

what is the small intestine

A

long, highly folded tube where usable food substances are absorbed

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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8
Q

what is the large intestine

A

final section of the alimentary canal

water and dissolved minerals are absorbed

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9
Q

purpose of salivary glands?

A

release saliva to moisten food

saliva contains amylase to initiate starch breakdown

parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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10
Q

purpose of pancreas?

A

produce a broad spectrum of enzymes that are released into the small intestine via the duodenum

secretes certain hormones (insulin, glucagon) which regular blood sugar concentrates

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11
Q

purpose of liver?

A

takes the raw materials absorbed by the small intestine and uses them to make key chemicals

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12
Q

purpose of gall bladder?

A

stores the bile produced by the liver (bile salts are used to emulsify rats)

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13
Q

what are the two types of digestion?

A

mechanical + chemical

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14
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

food is physically broken down into smaller fragments

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15
Q

types of mechanical digestion?

A

chewing (mouth) - grinding action of teeth

churning (stomach) - muscles physically squeeze and mix the food with strong digestive juices (turns into chyme)

segmentation (small intestine): chyme is moved in both directions by the contraction + relaxation of nonadjacent segments of circular smooth muscle

peristalsis (esophagus): contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle, bolus/food moves unidirectionally

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16
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

food is broken down by the action of chemical agents

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17
Q

what is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A

peristalsis: unididrectional movement along alimentary canal, contraction of sequential longitudinal muscles
segmentation: bidirectional movement within small intestine, contraction of nonsequential circular muscles

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18
Q

types / sites of chemical digestion?

A
  • stomach aicds (low pH environment which denature proteins)
  • bile (emulsification of fats into droplets)
  • enzymes (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
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19
Q

why does the pancreas release alkaline compounds (ex. bicarbonate ions)

Study These Flashcards
A

neutralize stomach acids as they enter the intestine as the intestine lacks the mucous membrane which protects the stomach

20
Q

what is pancreatic juice made of?

Study These Flashcards
A 
proteases 
endopeptidases
amylase
nuclease
lipase
21
Q 
enzymatic digestion at the following locations? 
esophagus
stomach 
liver/gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
Study These Flashcards
A

esophagus:
- salivary amylase (starch – maltose)

stomach:

  • proteases (protein -> polypeptides)
  • stomach acids (chemical digestion)

liver/gall bladder

  • amylase (starch –> maltose)
  • lipase (triglycerides –> fatty acids)
  • endopeptidase (peptides –> amino acids)
  • nuclease (DNA/RNA –> nucleosides)
  • bicarbonate ions (neutralize stomach acids)

small intestine
- membrane bound enzymes (ex. maltase)

22
Q

features of villi?

Study These Flashcards
A 
microvilli (SA: Vol up)
rich blood supply 
single layer epithelium
lacteals (absorb lipids)
intestinal glands (exocrine)
membrane proteins
23
Q

what organ is responsible for glucose storage

24
Q

how is glucose stored

25
what organ regulates glucose uptake
pancreas
26
how does amylase break down starch?
amylose is digested into maltose disaccharides amylopectin is digested into dextrin chains
27
what are the four main tissue layers of the small intestine?
serosa - protective outer covering muscle layer - outer layer of longitudinal muscle, inner of circular muscle sub mucosa - connective tissue, separates muscle layer from mucosa mucosa - absorbs material from intestinal lumen
28
what is the difference between what the small intestine absorbs vs what the large intestine absorbs?
small intestine: usable food substances | large intestine: water + dissolved minerals from indigestible food residues
29
what features of the epithelial lining of villi optimize its capacity to absorb digested materials?
tight junctions (keep digested fluids separated from tissues, maintian concentration gradient) microvilli (SA up) mitochondria (epithelial cells of intestinal villi have a large number of mitochondria for ATP) pinocytotic vesicles
30
what is absorption?
movement of fluids or dissolved substances (such as nutrients) across a cellular membrane absorbed components undergo assimilation within the cell to become fluid/solid parts of an organism
31
what happens during absorption?
digested food monomers must pass from the lumen into the epithelial lining of the small intestine
32
what are the different methods of membrane transport required to absorb different nutrients?
secondary active transport (glucose and amino acids are co-transported across the epithelial membrane with sodium ions) facilitated diffusion (certain monosaccharides, vitamins, and some minerals may be transported by epithelial channel proteins) osmosis simple diffusion (hydrophobic materials are capable of freely diffusing across the epithelial membrane)
33
what is endocytosis? why?
invagination of the plasma membrane to create an internal vesicle containing extracellular material dissolved materials may be rapidly absorbed en masse via the process of pinocytosis (less time than shuttling via membrane proteins)
34
summary of sugar absorption method?
glucose/galactose (digestive tract) --> cotransport (Na+) --> monosacchardies (epithelial cells of villi) --> facilitated diffusion --> capillary (vessel) other sugars --> facilitated diffusion --> monosaccharides --> faciliated diffusion --> capillaries
35
summary of protein absorption?
amino acids (digestive tract) --> co-transport (Na+) --> amino acids (epithelial cells of villi) --> diffusion --> capillaries (vessel) peptides (<5 a.a.) --> co-transport (H+) --> amino acids --> diffusion --> capillaries
36
summary of lipids absorption?
fatty acids --> simple diffusion --> fatty acids --> diffusion --> capillaries micelles (digestive tract) --> simple diffusion --> triglycerides in chylomicrons (epithelial cells of villi) --> diffusion --> lacteal
37
who proposed the modern understanding of the circulatory system
william harvey
38
what were Harvey's proposals
The major blood vessels (arteries & veins) are connected by a single network Blood flow is unidirectional (due to the presence of one-way valves) The heart is a central pump (arteries = from heart ; veins = to heart) Blood flows continuously and is not consumed by the body
39
how are arteries and veins connected
capillaries (via arterioles and venules)
40
why are there two sets of atria and ventricles?
two distinct locations for blood transport
41
what do the atria act as
reservoirs (blood is collected)
42
what do the ventricles act as
pumps (expelling the blood)
43
what is systemic circulation + what side of heart
left side + oxygenated blood around the body
44
what is pulmonary circulation + what side of heart?
right side + deoxygenated blood to the lungs
45
what is the function of arteries
convey blood at high pressure from the heart ventricles to the tissues of the body and lungs

biology (11 decks)

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