Topic 6 (Unit 4) Flashcards
(43 cards)
Define antigen.
“Antibody generating.”
Any foreign molecule leading to the production of antibodies.
Define antibiotic
A type of antibacterial compound.
Bacteria specific drug that slows or prevents bacterial reproduction.
Define lymphatic system
Composed of lymph nodes and lymphatics.
Drains tissue fluid back into normal circulation.
Define lymph
Liquid that drains away from the tissue fluid cells into lymph vessels.
Contains a high number of lymphocytes.
Define leukocyte.
White blood cell.
Cells capable of amoeboid movement.
Includes phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Define lymphocyte.
Type of white blood cell involved in adaptive immunity. Produced in the bone marrow and matures either as a B cell or T cell.
Define lysozyme.
Enzyme produced in body secretions that digest peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
Define phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis carried out by some white blood cells.
Define lysosome.
Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes.
Define phagosome
Formed during phagocytosis through the fusion of a lysosome and foreign matter
Define epidemiology
The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.
Define immune
Protection from a pathogen or disease.
Presence of or the ability to produce large numbers of specific antibodies in the blood.
Define vaccine
Sample of antigen that increases immunity.
Gives the ability to produce, or increases the amount of, specific antibodies in the blood.
Define herd immunity
Protection of vulnerable non-immune individuals in a population due to a high level of immunity in the population as a whole.
Define specific immune system
Kills invading pathogens, but also remembers the pathogens feature’s so that it can be killed quickly on subsequent infections.
Only vertebrates have specific immunity.
Define self/non-self recognition
Ability to detect and produce antibodies against foreign antigens and not against own cells.
Define antibody mediated
A.K.A. Humoral
Type of specific immunity conducted by B cell produced antibodies against antigens identified as non-self.
Commonly used against bacteria, fungi and free virions.
Define cell mediated
Type of specific immunity coordinated by T cells.
Commonly used against invaders present in cells.
Define clonal selection
Lymphocytes sensitive to antigen reproduce much more rapidly than others, this leading to a build up of antigen-specific cells large enough to mount an immune response. (Plasma cells).
Define antigen presentation
Consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by an antigen presenting cell - followed by the presentation of fragments on the cell surface to lymphocytes.
Define MHC
Major histocompatibility complex.
Extrinsic cell proteins that present fragments of proteins on the surface for self/non self recognition.
What is the first line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?
Barriers.
The skin and associated chemicals stop microbes entering the body.
What is the second line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?
The non-specific immune system.
Phagocytes quickly destroy microbes that pass the first line of defense.
What is the third line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?
The specific immune system.
Lymphocytes kill any microbes that pass the second line of defense and remain on guard for future attacks.
