topic 6.1.3: manipulating genomes

Question 1

what is a genome

Answer 1

the genetic material of an organism

Question 2

what are the ingredients of dna sequencing

Answer 2

dna polymerase, primer, excess of nucleotides, terminator bases, dna to be sequenced mixed in a thermocycler

Question 3

what are the principles of dna sequencing

Answer 3

dna p adds comp bases to dna, creating new strand
terminator bases added at diff points, creating every possible length
each base labelled with fluorescent dye
gel electrophoresis separates according to size

Question 4

what is high throughput sequencing

Answer 4

many fragments processed and sequenced simultaneously

Question 5

what are the benefits of genome wide comparisons

Answer 5

identify sources of infections, identify resistant bac, track spread of pathogens

Question 6

what is synthetic biology

Answer 6

creation of artificial organisms or devices, or redesign of natural systems eg genetic engineering, synthesis of genes

Question 7

what is bioinformatics

Answer 7

use of software to analyse and store data

Question 8

what is computational biology

Answer 8

use of computers to study biology eg modelling

Question 9

what are introns made up of

Answer 9

variable number tandem repeats

Question 10

what are vntrs

Answer 10

sequences where nucleotides are repeated a variable number of times, meaning they are different lengths in individuals

Question 11

what are the 6 stages of dna profiling

Answer 11

extraction, digestion, separation, hybridisation, development, analysis

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Question 12

what happens in the extraction stage of dna profiling

Answer 12

small fragment multiplied by pcr

Question 13

what happens in the digestion stage of dna profiling

Answer 13

restriction endonucleases added to cut dna into smaller pieces

Question 14

what happens in the separation stage of dna profiling

Answer 14

gel electrophoresis

Question 15

what happens in the hybridisation stage of dna profiling

Answer 15

fluorescent or radioactive probes added in excess and bind to dna

Question 16

what are probes

Answer 16

short complementary fragments

Question 17

what happens in the development stage of dna profiling

Answer 17

southern blotting:
strands transferred to nylon membrane and exposed to x rays to visualise position of probes

Question 18

what happens in the analysis stage of dna profiling

Answer 18

bands compared to identify relationships, presence of disease, or match unknown samples

Question 19

what equipment is needed for a polymerase chain reaction

Answer 19

thermocycler, dna fragment, primers, taq polymerase, nucleotides

Question 20

why is taq polymerase used

Answer 20

thermophilic bacteria thrive in hot conditions, work faster

Question 21

what are the principles of pcr

Answer 21

95: h bonds broken, dna split
55: annealing
72: synthesis

Question 22

describe the process of electrophoresis

Answer 22

samples loaded into agar plates, ph buffer added and voltage applied to cathode end
dna move to pos end
alkali added to denature strands

Question 23

what are the 4 stages of genetic engineering

Answer 23

identification, removal, insertion, transformation

Question 24

what happens in the identification stage of genetic engineering

Answer 24

desired gene selected in organism and plasmid

Question 25

what happens in the removal stage of genetic engineering

Answer 25

remove gene and section of plasmid with restriction endonucleases

Question 26

what happens in the insertion stage of genetic engineering

Answer 26

dna put into plasmid using dna ligase to anneal sticky ends (phosphodiester bonds)

Question 27

what happens in the transformation stage of genetic engineering

Answer 27

recombinant plasmid into bacteria host cell by electroporation, marker genes mark which genes took up plasmid

Question 28

what is electroporation

Answer 28

electrical current applied to increase cell's permeability

Question 29

how are soya plants genetically engineered

Answer 29

addition of gene to produce bt protein which is toxic to pests

Question 30

what are the risks and benefits of genetically engineering plants

Answer 30

reduces needs for pesticides, maximises yield, bur may spread to env

Question 31

what are some reasons that plants may be genetically engineered

Answer 31

maximise shelf life, nutritional value, produce medicine

Question 32

what does patented mean

Answer 32

certain groups are excluded from being able to use an invention ie poorer farmers

Question 33

how are animals genetically engineered

Answer 33

modified viruses are injected to carry new genes

Question 34

what is pharming

Answer 34

inserting a human gene into bacteria to produce a human protein

Question 35

what are the risks and benefits of pharming

Answer 35

research and vectors increased antibiotic resistance, disruption to expression or regulation of genes

Question 36

what is gene therapy

Answer 36

treatment of genetic disorders by altering dna

Question 37

what are the principles of gene therapy

Answer 37

cells isolated from patient, viral vector inserted, cells injected or inhaled

Question 38

what is somatic cell gene therapy

Answer 38

some cells are replaced- temporary

Question 39

what is germ line cell gene therapy

Answer 39

alteration of dna in gametes so offspring doesn't inherit faulty gene- permanent