topic 6A - naming organic compounds Flashcards
(45 cards)
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen.
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are those with chains of carbon atoms, which may be branched or unbranched, or non-aromatic rings.
What are aromatic hydrocarbons/arenes?
Aromatic hydrocarbons/arenes are hydrocarbon ring compounds in which there are delocalised electrons, containing benzene rings (ring of 6 carbon atoms with delocalised ring of electrons).
What are saturated compounds?
Saturated compounds contain only single bonds.
What are unsaturated compounds?
Unsaturated compounds contain at least one C=C or C≡C bond.
What is an empirical formula?
An empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is a molecular formula?
A molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
What does the IUPAC system for naming organic compounds involve?
It involves counting the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain to obtain the stem and applying systematic rules for prefixes and suffixes.
How is the parent chain chosen when chains are equal in length?
The parent chain is defined as the one with the most branches.
What is the main functional group in nomenclature?
The main functional group is an atom or group of atoms responsible for the typical chemical reactions of a molecule and determines the prefix or suffix.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a group of molecules that have the same functional group and general formula.
How do consecutive members of a homologous series differ?
They differ by a CH₂ unit.
What do members of a homologous series show?
They show a gradual change in physical properties while having the same chemical properties.
How is the position of a functional group determined in nomenclature?
It is given by a number, counting from the end of the molecule that gives the functional group the lowest number.
Which functional groups are always on carbon 1?
Aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and nitriles (-C≡N).
What takes precedence over branched chains in numbering?
Functional groups.
What is the order of priority for functional groups?
Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenalkanes.
How are side-chains added in naming?
As prefixes with -yl, placed in alphabetical order after the carbon number to which each is attached.
- methyl: CH3-
- ethyl: CH3-CH2-
- propyl: CH3-CH2-CH2-
What prefixes are used for multiple identical side-chains or functional groups?
di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4).
What is an addition reaction?
A reaction where a molecule with a double bond reacts with another molecule to form a single molecule.
What is polymerisation?
A reaction where many small molecules (monomers) join to form a long-chain molecule (polymer).
What is an elimination reaction?
A reaction where a small molecule is lost from a single molecule, forming a double bond.
What is a substitution reaction?
A reaction where an atom or small group in one molecule is replaced by a different atom or group.
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction where water or H⁺ or OH⁻ ions break a bond in a molecule, splitting it into two parts.
