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ESS all topic definitions and key points > TOPIC 7 > Flashcards

TOPIC 7 Flashcards

(38 cards)

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1
Q

2000 Watt society

A

That idea that a society aims for each of its citizens to use a maximum of 2000 watts per annum

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2
Q

Adaption (in the context of climate change) (3 points)

A

-Attempts to MANAGE the impacts of climate change

-The adjustment of natural or human systems in RESPONSE to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects

-either moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities

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3
Q

Adaption strategies (list 4)

A

-Flood defences
-Vaccination programs
-Deslanisation plants
-Planting crops in previously-unsuitable climates

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4
Q

Adaptive capacity (3 points)

A

-capacity of a system to adjust to potential damage

-Varies from place to place and can be DEPENDENT on FINANCIAL and TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES

-MEDCs can provide economic and technological support to LEDCs

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5
Q

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

A

CO2 being COMPRESSED, TRANSPORTED, and STORED permanently underground, or CHEMICALLY FIXED to form a carbonate

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies

A

-Protecting and enhancing carbon sinks through land management (.e.g, REDD)

-using biomass as a fuel source

-using CCS

-enhancing CO2 absorption by the ocean through FERTILISING OCEANS with compounds of nitrogen, phosphorous, and iron to encourage the biological pump

-increase upwellings to release nutrients to the surface

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7
Q

Climate

A

Describes how the atmosphere behaves over relatively long periods of time (usually an average over at least 30 years)

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8
Q

What do energy choices affect?

A

Energy security and independence

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9
Q

factors of energy choice (list of 5)

A

-availability
-sustainability
-scientific and technological developments
-cultural attitudes
-political, economic, environmental factors

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10
Q

Effect of energy efficiency and conservation?

A

Can limit energy demand and contribute to energy security

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11
Q

Energy security

A

-depends on adequate, reliable, and affordable supply of energy that provides a degree of independence

-a society has a reliable (self-produced) source of energy)

-a country may have its own energy supply, but how safe is that supplu?

-also considered within the domains of energy security is the access to energy the population has

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12
Q

Fossil fuels in relation to energy supply

A

These contribute to the majority of humankind’s energy supply

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13
Q

Global warming?

A

The increase in the mean global temperature, leading to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events

-potential long term changes in climate and weather patterns

-rise in sea level

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14
Q

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

A

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour that absorbs infrared radiation, which lead to an increase in the mean global temperature

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15
Q

International efforts against climate change

A

-IPCC
-NAPAs
-UNFCCC

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16
Q

what does IPCC stand for?

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A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

17
Q

Methane digester

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A

Biomass is composted and the gas (methane) produced is burned to generate steam and thus energy to turn turbines

18
Q

Mitigation (in relation to climate change)

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A

Attempts to REDUCE the CAUSES of climate change and the use of technology and substitution to reduce RESOURCE IMPUTS AND EMISSIONS per unit of object

19
Q

Mitigation strategies for GHG emissions (list of 4)

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A

-include reduction and/or stabilisation of GHG emissions and their removal from the atmosphere

-include reduction in ENERGY CONSUMPTION, reduction of EMISSIONS of oxides of nitrogen and methane from agriculture

-use of ALTERNATIVES to fossil fuels

-geoengineering

20
Q

what does NAPAs stand for?

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A

National Adaption Programmes of Action

21
Q

What is REDD?

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A

UN collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries

22
Q

Sources of energy with lower carbon emissions?

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A

renewable energy in the form of:
-solar biomass
-hydropower
-wind
-wave
-tidal
-geothermal

nuclear power is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE !!!!

23
Q

what does UNFCCC stand for?

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A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

24
Q

Weather

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A

Describes the conditions in the atmosphere over a short period of time

25
3 factors contributing to energy security
-affordable/competitive supply -reliable/uninterruptible -accessible/available supply
26
reasons for low levels of energy per capita in LEDCS
-lack of trust in alt resources, esp in nuclear power -lack of capital to develop alternatives -lack of suitable resources
27
sources of carbon dioxide (list of 5)
-respiration by living organisms -breakdown of organic material -volcanic vents -burning of fossil fuels and organic mateiral -forest fires
28
sources of methane
-wetlands -bogs -stagnant water bodies -rice paddies -tundra soils -the breakdown of organic material -volcanic vents -livestock landfill sites -melting of permafrost -manure/sewage
29
sources of CFCs
-refrigeration -air conditioning systems -plastic foams -aerosol cans -solvents in the electronics industry
30
impacts of climate change
-can be adverse OR beneficial -biomes shifting -cahnge in location of crop-growing areas -cahnged weather aptterns -coastal inundation (due to thermal expeansion of oceans/melting of polar ice caps) -human health (spread of tropical diseases)
31
changes in biotic components of systems and impact
-biomes shifts to higher altitudes --> crop growing areas will shift, productivity of areas will change -animals can migrate but plants shift range more slowly, increased rates of primary productivity --> loss of economic, aesthetic, and/or medical benefits of species diversity expansion of areas inhabited by tropical disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) --> impact on human health
32
impacts of coastal inundation as a result of global warming (6)
-increased coastal erosion -intrusion of salty water into freshwater -reduction of mangrove forests -coral reefs unable to ontain sufficient light -wading birds struggling to obtain food -contamination/salinisation of soils and a decilne in agricultural production
33
impact of global warming on human health (4)
-increase in stagnant water -> increase in amount of disease-carrying mosquitoes -people forced to leave their homes due to climate disasters -> become more susceptible to diseases (esp. children and elderly) -changes in distributions of organisms -> new diseases are brought to new areas -saltwater intrusion onto coastal agricultural land -> reduction in food production -> more widespread hunger and malnutrition -impact of diseases increases
34
changes in weather patterns as a result of climate change
-~2 degree increase C of temperatures --> warming likely to be GREATER at poles , not equator -changes in prevailing winds -changes in precipitation -continental areas becoming drier
35
global dimming
-reduction in global temperatures as a result of pollution
36
mitigation strategies to reduce carbon emissions
-carbon taxes to make fossil fuels more relatively expensive compared to other energy forms -carbon trading to MANAGE amount of co2 released by different sectors/industries; places a limit on total trading -carbon offset schemes --> attempt to reduce overall impact of carbon emissions by investing in proejcts that cut emissinos elsewhere
37
mitigation strategeis for carbon dioxide REMOVAL
-conserving/protecting/ehancing carbon sinks through land management (eg REDD) -using biomass as a fuel source -- may take up ag land and increase food prices -carbon capture and storage --> 2 options either AT PLANT and storing underground OR removing it from atmosphere --> however tech is costly and unproven -enahncing co2 ABSORPTION by oceans through --> fertilising oceans with nitrogen compounds to ENCOURAGE biological pump --> OR increase upwellings to RELEASE nutreints to the surface --> both put nutrients IN ocean which INCREASES marine food production and removes co2 from atmosphere
38
preventative vs reactive strategies in glboal warmign
-preventative: trying to prevent from taking place (MITIGATION) --> includes any strategy that prevents fossil fuels being burnt (specifically the ACT of burning) -reactive: trying to treat the symptoms of global warming (ADAPTION) --> any attempt to reduce carbon EMISSIONS

ESS all topic definitions and key points (10 decks)

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