topic 7 - ecology Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of an individual in ecology?
A
An individual is a single organism that belongs to a species.
2
Q
Explain what a habitat is.
A
A habitat is the natural environment in which a particular species or population lives including both biotic and abiotic factors.
3
Q
What is a population in ecological terms?
A
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in a specific area and can interbreed.
4
Q
Define community in ecology.
A
A community is formed by multiple populations of different species that interact with one another in a particular habitat.
5
Q
What is the role of interdependence in an ecosystem?
A
Interdependence refers to the reliance of different populations on each other for survival such as through food chains or symbiotic relationships.
6
Q
What is an ecosystem?
A
An ecosystem is the interaction between a community of living organisms (biotic components) and the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
7
Q
Explain how organisms adapt to their environment.
A
Organisms adapt through structural behavioral or physiological changes that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce in specific environmental conditions.
8
Q
What is the significance of competition in ecosystems?
A
Competition occurs when different organisms or species vie for the same limited resources which can influence population dynamics and community structure.
9
Q
List the resources that plants compete for.
A
Plants compete for light space water and mineral ions.
10
Q
What resources might animals compete for?
A
Animals may compete for space food mating opportunities and territory.
11
Q
What is the difference between intra-specific and inter-specific competition?
A
Intra-specific competition occurs within the same species while inter-specific competition occurs between different species.
12
Q
How can competition affect population size?
A
Competition can limit population growth by reducing available resources leading to increased mortality reduced reproduction or emigration of individuals.
13
Q
Provide an example of how two species might compete in a habitat.
A
Two bird species might compete for nesting sites in the same trees affecting their breeding success and habitat availability.
14
Q
What is the importance of abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
A
Abiotic factors such as temperature water soil and sunlight influence the types of organisms that can inhabit an ecosystem and how they interact.
15
Q
Define ‘adaptation’ in the context of ecology.
A
Adaptation is a characteristic that enhances the survival and reproduction of organisms in their specific environment.
16
Q
Why might a population of plants evolve thicker leaves over time?
A
Thicker leaves may evolve as an adaptation to reduce water loss in dry conditions allowing plants to survive in their environment.
17
Q
What could be a consequence if one species outcompetes another in a community?
A
If one species outcompetes another it could lead to the decline or extinction of the less competitive species ultimately altering the community structure.
18
Q
What is interdependence in ecological communities?
A
Interdependence refers to how organisms in a community rely on one another for essential services such as food shelter and reproduction. Species depend on others for fulfilling their needs creating a complex web of interactions.
19
Q
What vital services do organisms depend on in a community?
A
Vital services that organisms depend on include food sources shelter and reproductive processes. Examples include pollination by bees and seed dispersal by birds.
20
Q
How can the removal or addition of a species affect a community?
A
The removal or addition of a species can significantly affect populations in a community by altering predator and prey dynamics which can lead to fluctuations in population sizes of various species.
21
Q
What characterizes a stable community in an ecosystem?
A
A stable community is characterized by a balance between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors where populations of species remain relatively constant over time.
22
Q
Why is it difficult to replace lost species in a community?
A
Once species are lost from a community it is often difficult to replace them due to the complex interdependencies and ecological roles they fulfill which can affect the entire ecosystem’s functionality.
23
Q
Provide examples of stable communities in ecosystems.
A
Examples of stable communities include tropical rainforests oak woodlands and coral reefs where ecological balance is maintained.
24
Q
What is an abiotic factor?
A
An abiotic factor is a non-living component of an ecosystem that can influence living organisms and the functioning of the environment.
25
What abiotic factors can affect a community?
Abiotic factors that can affect a community include light intensity temperature water availability soil pH and nutrient levels.
26
How does light intensity affect ecological communities?
Light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis which in turn influences plant growth food availability and the overall energy flow within the ecosystem.
27
Explain the importance of photosynthesis in ecosystems.
Photosynthesis is crucial as it converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose making it the foundation for energy production in almost all ecosystems.
28
What is the relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis rate?
Generally as light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases until a certain point beyond which other factors may limit the rate (e.g. temperature CO2 concentration).
29
What factors affect the rate of plant growth?
1. **Temperature**: Affects the rate of photosynthesis.
30
2. **Moisture levels**: Essential for the survival of both plants and animals.
31
3. **Soil pH and mineral content**: Soil pH influences the rate of decay and availability of mineral ions for plant uptake.
32
4. **Wind intensity and direction**: Impacts transpiration which affects temperature and photosynthesis in plants.
33
5. **Carbon dioxide levels**: Influences the rate of photosynthesis and organism distribution.
34
6. **Oxygen levels**: Fluctuate in aquatic environments affecting aquatic animals.
35
How does temperature specifically affect plants?
Temperature is crucial as it affects the rate of photosynthesis which is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Optimal temperature ranges lead to higher photosynthetic activity while extreme temperatures (too hot or too cold) can inhibit growth and development.
36
Why are moisture levels important for both plants and animals?
Moisture is vital for survival as it is required for various biological processes. For plants it is essential for photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. For animals water is critical for physiological processes such as digestion circulation and temperature regulation.
37
What role does soil pH and mineral content play in plant growth?
Soil pH affects nutrient availability and the decomposition rate of organic matter. This in turn influences how quickly mineral ions are released and made available to plants. Different plants require different pH levels for optimal growth impacting their distribution and health.
38
Explain the impact of wind on plants. How does it affect transpiration?
Wind can significantly affect the rate of transpiration which is the process of water vapor loss from plant leaves. Increased wind intensity can enhance transpiration rates by removing water vapor leading to cooler leaf temperatures and potentially increased photosynthesis if water is adequately available.
39
How does carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration affect plants?
CO2 is a key substrate for photosynthesis. Higher levels can enhance the rate of photosynthesis promoting better growth conditions for some plant species. Additionally some organisms may thrive in habitats with elevated CO2 influencing biodiversity.
40
What is the importance of oxygen levels in aquatic environments?
Oxygen levels in water are critical for the survival of aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates. Low oxygen levels can lead to hypoxia adversely affecting the health and biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems.
41
Describe the relationship between nutrients and plant species diversity.
Different species of plants have varying nutrient concentration requirements for optimal growth. Nutrient-poor conditions may support specific species adapted to such environments whereas nutrient-rich conditions can support a diverse array of plant life.
42
What is transpiration and why is it important for plants?
Transpiration is the process where water is absorbed by plant roots and then evaporates from stomata in leaves. It helps in nutrient transport from roots to leaves and regulates plant temperature making it crucial for maintaining overall plant health.
43
What are biotic factors?
Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem that can affect the survival and reproduction of organisms in various ways.
44
List the biotic factors that can affect a community. Provide a brief explanation for each.
1. Food availability: More food allows organisms to breed more successfully leading to population increases.
45
2. New predators: Introduction of new predators can threaten existing populations.
46
3. New pathogens: When new pathogens arise populations often lack resistance leading to rapid declines.
47
4. Competition: If one species is better adapted than another it can dominate resources resulting in the decline of the less adapted species.
48
How does food availability impact population dynamics?
Increased food availability can lead to higher survival rates and more successful breeding resulting in an overall increase in population numbers.
49
What can happen when a new predator is introduced to an ecosystem?
The introduction of a new predator can threaten existing prey populations potentially leading to population declines or extinctions of certain species.
50
Describe the impact of new pathogens on populations.
New pathogens can have devastating effects on populations especially if no members have previous exposure or resistance potentially leading to rapid die-offs.
51
What is competition in ecological terms?
Competition occurs when multiple species vie for the same resources and if one species is better adapted to exploit those resources it can outcompete others leading to reduced numbers or extinction of the less adapted species.
52
What are adaptations in organisms?
Adaptations are traits or characteristics that have evolved in organisms to increase their chances of survival and reproduction in their specific environments.
53
Provide examples of structural adaptations in organisms.
Examples include the sharp teeth of carnivores for tearing meat or camouflage coloration such as the tan-brown color of a lioness's coat for hiding in grass.
54
Why might a species with poor adaptation struggle in a competitive environment?
A poorly adapted species may struggle because it may not efficiently acquire resources or survive against better adapted competitors leading to population declines.
55
What role does structural adaptation play in an organism's survival?
Structural adaptations like body shape or coloration can enhance an organism's ability to find food avoid predators or reproduce significantly improving its chances of survival.
56
What adaptations do species in cold environments have for insulation?
Species in cold environments may have a thick layer of fat known as blubber to provide insulation against the cold.
57
What is behavioral adaptation in organisms?
Behavioral adaptation refers to the way an organism behaves to survive in its environment for example individuals may play dead to avoid predators bask in the sun to absorb heat or engage in courting behavior to attract a mate.
58
What is functional adaptation?
Functional adaptations are physiological processes that organisms undergo such as late implantation of embryos or conservation of water through producing very little sweat to survive in their environments.
59
What are extremophiles?
Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme environments such as those with high temperatures pressures or salt concentrations. An example is certain bacteria that thrive in deep sea vents with very high pressure.
60
What adaptations can be observed in species adapted to cold climates?
In cold climates species may exhibit a smaller surface area to volume ratio significant insulation through layers of blubber or fur and other physiological traits to reduce heat loss.
61
What adaptations help species survive in dry climates?
In dry climates adaptations include specialized kidneys that retain water effectively the ability to produce very concentrated urine and being active during the cooler parts of the day such as early morning.
62
What is the significance of a smaller surface area to volume ratio in cold climates?
A smaller surface area to volume ratio helps reduce heat loss in cold climates allowing organisms to retain body heat more effectively.
63
How do organisms adapt their behavior to avoid predation?
To avoid predation organisms may adopt behaviors such as playing dead camouflaging with their environment or fleeing rapidly when threatened.
64
What is a common reproductive adaptation in some mammals?
Late implantation of embryos is a common reproductive adaptation that allows some mammals to time births with favorable environmental conditions for offspring survival.
65
Why is water conservation important for organisms in dry climates?
Water conservation is critical for survival in dry climates due to limited water availability; adaptations such as producing little sweat and highly concentrated urine help minimize water loss.
66
What are three examples of plant adaptations to reduce water loss?
1. Curled leaves to reduce surface area and decrease evaporation. 2. Extensive root systems to absorb as much water as possible from the soil. 3. A waxy cuticle layer that prevents water from evaporating from the leaf surface.
67
How do plants store water internally?
Plants may contain specialized water-storing tissues in their stems allowing them to retain moisture in arid conditions.
68
What is the first level of organization in an ecosystem?
The first level of organization is the producer which consists of photosynthetic organisms such as green plants and algae that convert sunlight into glucose through photosynthesis.
69
What role do producers play in an ecosystem?
Producers synthesize glucose through photosynthesis which they use to create other biological molecules thus contributing to the biomass of the ecosystem.
70
Define primary consumers in an ecosystem.
Primary consumers are organisms that eat producers; they are the first level of consumers in the food chain.
71
What is the relationship between primary consumers and secondary consumers?
Primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers which feed on primary consumers to obtain energy.
72
Explain the concepts of prey and predator in an ecological context.
Prey refers to animals that are hunted and eaten by other organisms while predators are the consumers that hunt and kill other animals for food.
73
Who are tertiary consumers in an ecosystem?
Tertiary consumers are organisms that eat secondary consumers; they are typically at the top of the food chain and have no natural predators.
74
What is the significance of the energy transfer in food chains?
Energy transfers from one organism to another in an ecosystem as one is consumed by another facilitating growth and maintaining ecological balance.
75
What do food chains represent in an ecosystem?
Food chains illustrate the feeding relationships and energy flow between different organisms within an ecosystem showing how energy is transferred from producers to various levels of consumers.
76
What are the main products of photosynthesis in plants?
The main product of photosynthesis is glucose which serves as an energy source for plants and oxygen which is released as a byproduct.
77
How does the structure of a plant's leaves contribute to its adaptation in cooler environments?
Plants may have curled leaves to minimize water loss during cooler evenings as this configuration reduces the exposure of leaf surface area to the atmosphere.
78
What are adaptations that allow plants to survive in arid environments?
Adaptations include small or curled leaves to minimize evaporation deep or extensive root systems to maximize water uptake and thick waxy cuticles to reduce water loss.
79
How can the biomass of a plant be defined?
Biomass refers to the total mass of living biological organisms in a given area or volume consisting of the organic matter accrued by the producers through photosynthesis.
80
Why is it important to understand feeding relationships in ecology?
Understanding feeding relationships is crucial for comprehending ecosystem dynamics energy flow and how species interact with each other within their environment.
81
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain depicts a linear sequence of energy transfer from one organism to another while a food web provides a more complex map of interconnected food chains demonstrating how multiple species interact in an ecosystem.
82
Explain the importance of root systems for plants in ecosystems.
Root systems are vital for anchoring plants absorbing water and nutrients from the soil and storing energy which enhances the plant's ability to survive and contribute to ecosystem productivity.
83
What are the ecological implications of aquatic plants as producers in a food chain?
Aquatic plants such as algae and water lilies serve as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems supporting a variety of consumers and playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling and oxygen production.
84
What are the tools used to study the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem?
Tools called transects and quadrats are used to study the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem.
85
How can you process data obtained from transects and quadrats?
Data from transects and quadrats can be processed by calculating the mean mode and median and then drawing a graph.
86
Describe the predator-prey relationship in a stable community.
In a stable community there are population cycles between predators and prey. When the population of prey increases the population of predators also increases. This causes the number of prey to decrease over time due to higher predation. When prey becomes scarce the predator population decreases which then allows the prey population to increase again.
87
Explain the dynamics of prey and predator populations in an ecosystem.
The dynamics of prey and predator populations are cyclical. An increase in prey leads to an increase in predator population which causes a decrease in prey. Once prey becomes limited predator numbers decline allowing prey populations to recover.
88
What are the two vital cycles discussed in relation to materials cycling through an ecosystem?
The two vital cycles discussed are the carbon cycle and the water cycle.
89
How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere in the carbon cycle?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis by green plants and algae which utilize the carbon to produce carbohydrates.
90
What is the significance of the carbon cycle for life on Earth?
The carbon cycle is vital for life on Earth because it regulates the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is essential for photosynthesis in plants and algae contributing to the foundation of food webs.
91
What is the mean in statistical analysis?
The mean is the average of a set of values calculated by adding all the values together and dividing by the number of values.
92
Define mode in the context of data analysis.
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.
93
What does median represent in a set of numbers?
The median is the middle value in a data set when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even number of values the median is the average of the two middle values.
94
What is a transect in ecological studies?
A transect is a method for sampling the distribution of organisms in an area where a straight line or path is marked out and measurements are taken at specified intervals along that line.
95
What is a quadrat and how is it used in ecology?
A quadrat is a square or rectangular plot used in ecological studies to sample and assess the abundance and distribution of organisms within that specific area.
96
Why is it important to graph ecological data?
Graphing ecological data helps to visualize trends relationships and patterns in the data making it easier for researchers to interpret and communicate their findings.
97
Name one external resource provided in the input for further understanding of the topic.
One external resource is https://bit.ly/pmt-cc.
98
How do the predator and prey populations affect each other over time in an ecosystem?
Predator and prey populations affect each other through a cyclical relationship: an increase in prey leads to an increase in predators which ultimately leads to a decrease in prey and eventually a decrease in predators as they face a shortage of food.
99
What is the role of proteins and fats in the carbon cycle?
Proteins and fats are consumed by organisms and the carbon contained within them is transferred up the food chain. This contributes to the overall carbon flow in the ecosystem.
100
How is CO2 returned to the atmosphere during respiration?
CO2 is returned to the atmosphere when plants algae and animals respire. During respiration these organisms convert glucose and oxygen into energy releasing CO2 as a waste product.
101
What are decomposers and what role do they play in the carbon cycle?
Decomposers are a group of microorganisms that break down dead organisms and waste. While decomposing they respire returning CO2 to the air and releasing mineral ions back into the soil.
102
What is combustion and how does it relate to the carbon cycle?
Combustion is the process of burning wood and fossil fuels which contain carbon that originated from photosynthesis. This process releases CO2 back into the atmosphere.
103
Describe the water cycle and the role of evaporation.
The water cycle begins with the sun's energy causing water to evaporate from seas and lakes forming water vapor. This is a crucial step for replenishing water in the ecosystem.
104
How is water vapor formed through transpiration?
Water vapor is also formed as a result of transpiration which is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through small openings in their leaves called stomata.
105
Explain the process of condensation in the water cycle.
As water vapor rises into the atmosphere it cools and condenses to form clouds. This process is essential for the formation of precipitation.
106
What forms of precipitation are mentioned in the water cycle?
Precipitation can occur as rain snow or hail. This water returns to the land and replenishes lakes and rivers.
107
What happens to water after precipitation in the water cycle?
After precipitation the water runs into lakes and rivers providing essential resources for plants and animals and eventually makes its way back to seas continuing the water cycle.
108
List the factors that affect the rate of decomposition.
The rate of decomposition is affected by several factors including temperature moisture oxygen availability and the nature of the organic material.
109
How does temperature influence the rate of decomposition?
Chemical reactions generally occur faster at higher temperatures but excessive heat can slow down or inhibit decomposition processes due to the denaturation of enzymes involved.
110
What is denaturation in the context of enzymes and decomposition?
Denaturation refers to the process in which enzymes lose their structural integrity and functionality due to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature pH or the presence of inhibitors. This can halt the decomposition process as enzymes are crucial for catalyzing metabolic reactions.
111
Why is water important for microbial growth and decomposition?
Water is essential for microbial growth because it is required for respiration which is a vital process for energy production in microorganisms. Additionally water acts as a solvent making nutrients and food easier to digest thus facilitating the decomposition process.
112
What role does oxygen availability play in the respiration of decomposers?
Most decomposers respire aerobically meaning they require oxygen to break down organic materials efficiently. The availability of oxygen influences the type of respiration (aerobic vs anaerobic) the efficiency of energy production and the overall rate of decomposition.
113
What is compost and how is it produced?
Compost is the organic matter that results from the biological decomposition of material. It is produced when biological material decays under controlled conditions that provide optimum levels of moisture temperature and oxygen. Aerobic respiration by microorganisms helps produce heat which further accelerates the decomposition process.
114
How does increased oxygen availability affect the rate of decay in composting?
When more oxygen is available in the composting process microorganisms respire aerobically leading to higher temperatures due to the exothermic nature of aerobic respiration. The increased temperature accelerates the rate of decay allowing compost to form more quickly.
115
What is methane gas and how is it produced in the context of decomposition?
Methane gas is a byproduct produced when microorganisms decompose organic waste anaerobically (without oxygen). This process is known as anaerobic digestion and contributes to the formation of biogas which can be utilized as a renewable fuel.
116
What are biogas generators and what conditions do they require to operate effectively?
Biogas generators are systems designed to facilitate the anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce methane gas. They require a constant temperature of around 30 degrees Celsius to maintain optimal activity of the microorganisms responsible for decomposition.
117
What challenges are associated with storing methane and how is it typically utilized?
Methane gas cannot be easily stored as a liquid due to its gaseous state at standard temperature and pressure. Therefore it is typically used immediately after production often as an energy source for heating cooking or generating electricity.
118
How can one investigate the effects of temperature on the rate of decay?
To investigate the effects of temperature on decay one can set up experiments using organic material and microorganisms at different temperature conditions. The decay rate can be measured by monitoring changes in mass temperature or gas production (e.g. carbon dioxide or methane) over time.
119
What is the purpose of measuring the pH change of fresh milk in the presence of the enzyme lipase?
To determine how quickly lipase can decompose milk by measuring the time taken for pH to decrease indicated by the disappearance of the pink color from phenolphthalein.
120
What indicator is used in the milk and lipase experiment to detect pH changes and what is its color in alkaline conditions?
Phenolphthalein is the indicator used which appears pink in alkaline conditions.
121
What role does sodium carbonate play in the experiment with lipase and milk?
Sodium carbonate is added to the milk solution to make it alkaline causing the phenolphthalein to turn pink.
122
How is temperature controlled in the lipase and milk experiment?
The solution is placed in a water bath set to a specific temperature for the experiment.
123
What is the relationship between temperature and the rate of lipase activity as inferred from the experiment?
The experiment tests different temperatures to determine at which temperature the lipase works most effectively indicated by the fastest disappearance of the pink color.
124
What does the disappearance of the pink color indicate in this experiment?
The disappearance of the pink color indicates that the pH has decreased which signals the decomposition of the milk due to lipase activity.
125
What environmental factor is suggested to influence species distribution according to the content provided?
Environmental changes such as temperature water availability and atmospheric gas composition are suggested to affect species distribution.
126
How does climate change impact insect populations according to the content provided?
Climate change may lead to insects migrating to new areas as regions become hotter.
127
What can happen to populations of organisms in search of water availability?
Populations may migrate to find sufficient water resources if their original habitats become too dry.
128
What effect do certain pollutants have on the distribution of organisms specifically lichen?
Certain pollutants such as sulfur dioxide can prevent lichen from growing in affected areas.
129
What is lipase and what role does it play in the decomposition of milk?
Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats (lipids) leading to the decomposition of milk by hydrolyzing fat molecules.
130
Describe the setup of the experiment measuring the pH change of milk with lipase. Include the components and steps involved.
The experiment involves: 1) Mixing fresh milk with phenolphthalein indicator. 2) Adding sodium carbonate to make it alkaline indicating presence of fat. 3) Placing the mixture in a water bath at a controlled temperature. 4) Adding lipase and starting a stopwatch to time how long it takes for the pink color to disappear.
131
What is the significance of repeating the experiment at different temperatures?
Repeating the experiment at different temperatures helps identify the optimal temperature for lipase activity and the rate of decomposition of milk.
132
List the main factors affecting the distribution of species in ecosystems as mentioned in the document.
Temperature water availability atmospheric gas composition and specific pollutants.
133
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of different species of organisms on Earth or within an ecosystem encompassing all living things including plants animals fungi and microorganisms.
134
What does high biodiversity indicate about an ecosystem?
High biodiversity indicates that the ecosystem is stable meaning species can thrive and adapt and ecosystems can withstand environmental changes better.
135
How does biodiversity affect species interdependence?
Higher biodiversity means that species are less dependent on each other for essential resources such as food and shelter leading to more resilient ecosystems.
136
What are some negative impacts of human activities on biodiversity?
Negative impacts of human activities on biodiversity include habitat destruction (due to urban development agriculture etc.) pollution (from sewage fertilizers and toxic chemicals) climate change and overexploitation of resources.
137
Why is maintaining biodiversity important for humans?
Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for humans because it supports ecosystem services that provide food clean water and new medicines all of which are essential for human survival and health.
138
What factors contribute to the increasing impact of human activities on biodiversity?
The increasing impact of human activities on biodiversity is contributed to by rising human population increased resource consumption and greater waste production.
139
How does pollution affect ecosystems?
Pollution can have devastating effects on ecosystems by killing plants and animals disrupting food chains and altering habitats which can lead to a decrease in biodiversity.
140
Discuss the role of land use in biodiversity loss.
Land use for housing farming shops roads and factories leads to habitat destruction which is one of the primary drivers of biodiversity loss as it means fewer spaces for organisms to live and thrive.
141
What is the relationship between population growth and biodiversity?
As the human population grows the demand for resources likewise increases which often leads to greater land use more waste production and increased pollution all of which negatively affect biodiversity.
142
What are the longer-term consequences of biodiversity loss on human society?
Long-term consequences of biodiversity loss on human society can include reduced resources for food and medicine increased vulnerability to climate change and decreased stability of ecosystems which are vital for the health of the planet.
143
What are the main pollutants that affect air quality?
Smoke and acidic gases are the main pollutants that affect air quality.
144
What can result from the pollution of land?
Landfill and toxic chemicals can result in the pollution of land.
145
How are raw materials being consumed by humans?
Humans are using up raw materials quicker than they are being produced.
146
What recent efforts have humans made regarding environmental impact?
Humans have only recently tried to reduce their impact on the environment.
147
How do human land use practices affect animal and plant habitats?
Humans reduce the number of habitats for animals and plants by building quarrying farming and dumping waste.
148
What is peat and how is it formed?
Peat is a material that forms when plant material has not fully decayed due to insufficient oxygen and it accumulates in acidic waterlogged bogs.
149
Why are peat bogs significant habitats?
Peat bogs are significant habitats for many species particularly for migrating birds.
150
What are the reasons for the destruction of peat bogs?
Peat bogs are being destroyed to create space for farming to use peat as compost or to dry it for fuel.
151
What is the ecological consequence of using peat as fuel?
Using peat as fuel releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
152
What is the formation process of peat and its significance?
The formation process of peat is slow and it is being used up quicker than it is being formed threatening its availability.
153
What is deforestation and what are its potential impacts?
Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests for land use which can lead to loss of biodiversity disruption of ecosystems and increased carbon emissions.
154
What is deforestation?
Deforestation is the cutting down of a large number of trees in the same area to use the land for different purposes.
155
Where does deforestation commonly occur?
Deforestation commonly occurs in tropical areas.
156
What are the primary reasons for deforestation?
The primary reasons for deforestation include providing land for cattle and rice fields and growing crops such as sugarcane and maize for biofuels used in energy production.
157
What is one environmental problem caused by deforestation related to carbon?
One environmental problem caused by deforestation is the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere when trees are burned which contributes to global warming.
158
How do microorganisms contribute to CO2 emissions following deforestation?
Following deforestation microorganisms decompose dead vegetation producing CO2 as they respire which further increases atmospheric CO2 levels.
159
How does the reduction of trees affect carbon dioxide levels?
The reduction of trees means there are fewer plants to take in CO2 during photosynthesis leading to a rise in atmospheric CO2 levels.
160
What impact does deforestation have on biodiversity?
Deforestation leads to a reduction in the number of habitats available which decreases biodiversity.
161
What does global warming refer to?
Global warming refers to the increase in temperature around the world.
162
What are the main greenhouse gases responsible for global warming?
The main greenhouse gases responsible for global warming are carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane.
163
What effect do increased greenhouse gases have on the environment?
Increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the atmosphere leading to higher global temperatures.
164
What are the consequences of increased temperatures on Earth due to climate change?
1. Melting of the ice caps leading to loss of habitats. 2. Rising sea levels that flood low-lying areas with salty water further reducing habitats. 3. Altered temperature and rainfall levels affecting migration patterns and species distribution potentially leading to survival challenges. 4. Extinction of organisms as their habitats are lost resulting in reduced biodiversity.
165
What is the importance of maintaining biodiversity?
Maintaining biodiversity is essential for ecosystem stability resilience and functionality. It ensures the survival of various species preserves genetic diversity and supports ecosystem services such as pollination water purification and climate regulation.
166
What are some strategies implemented to maintain biodiversity?
1. Breeding programs aimed at preventing extinction of endangered species. 2. Protection of rare habitats to conserve species within them; they can be regenerated if damaged. 3. Reintroduction of hedgerows and field margins around monoculture farming providing additional habitats and increasing biodiversity.
167
How do breeding programs contribute to biodiversity conservation?
Breeding programs help to increase the population of endangered species ensuring that genetic diversity is preserved. These programs can also reintroduce species into their natural habitats contributing to ecosystem functions and overall biodiversity.
168
Why is protecting rare habitats crucial for biodiversity?
Rare habitats are often home to specialized species that cannot survive elsewhere. Protecting these habitats is essential to prevent the extinction of these species maintain ecological balance and ensure that unique ecosystems are preserved for future generations.
169
What role do hedgerows and field margins play in maintaining biodiversity?
Hedgerows and field margins serve as wildlife corridors providing habitats and resources for various species including pollinators and other beneficial organisms. This agrarian biodiversity enhances ecosystem resilience and agricultural productivity.
170
What are the potential impacts of species extinction on ecosystems?
Species extinction can lead to the collapse of food webs loss of ecosystem services decreased resilience of ecosystems to environmental changes and further biodiversity loss as extinctions may trigger additional extinctions.
171
In what ways do temperature and rainfall changes impact animal migration?
Changes in temperature and rainfall can alter the availability of food and suitable habitats forcing species to migrate to new areas. This can disrupt existing ecological relationships and lead to challenges in survival for some species.
172
What are the environmental consequences of rising sea levels?
Rising sea levels can result in the inundation of coastal habitats loss of wetlands saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources increased salinity of soil and displacement of human populations.
173
How does climate change affect biodiversity in terms of habitat loss?
Climate change leads to habitat degradation and loss through increased temperatures altered precipitation patterns sea level rise and extreme weather events ultimately making habitats unsuitable for many species and leading to extinction.
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What are the positive human interactions with ecosystems?
Positive human interactions with ecosystems include maintaining rainforests to ensure habitats are not destroyed replanting hedgerows and woodlands to provide new habitats and producing areas for wildflowers and grasses to grow in field margins.
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What are the negative human interactions with ecosystems?
Negative human interactions include the production of greenhouse gases leading to global warming reducing water pollution while failing to monitor environmental changes producing sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain clearing land for construction and the leakage of agricultural chemicals into the environment.
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How does greenhouse gas production affect global warming?
The production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere leading to an increase in global temperatures which can result in habitat loss and altered ecosystems.
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Name some activities that lead to acid rain and their impact on ecosystems.
Activities such as burning fossil fuels in factories produce sulfur dioxide which reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid. This acid rain can harm plant and aquatic life alter soil chemistry and disrupt habitats.
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Why is preserving areas of scientific interest important?
Preserving areas of scientific interest is important because it protects unique ecosystems biodiversity and provides opportunities for research on ecological processes potentially informing conservation efforts.
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What is deforestation and how does it affect carbon dioxide levels?
Deforestation is the clearing of trees and forests which reduces the number of plants that can absorb carbon dioxide. This leads to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere contributing to global warming.
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How can reducing water pollution benefit ecosystems?
Reducing water pollution can improve the health of aquatic ecosystems enhance biodiversity protect species that are sensitive to pollutants and ensure clean water supplies for both wildlife and human populations.
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What role do field margins play in ecosystems?
Field margins provide important habitats for wildflowers and grasses support various organisms and serve as corridors for wildlife movement promoting biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.
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What are the consequences of clearing land for development?
Clearing land for development reduces the number of habitats available for species leading to loss of biodiversity disruption of local ecosystems and can contribute to climate change due to reduced carbon sequestration.
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What is the importance of recycling waste rather than dumping it in landfills?
Recycling reduces the amount of land taken up for landfills and slows the rate at which we deplete natural resources.
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What are trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Trophic levels represent the different stages in the food chain and are classified by numbers.
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What organisms are found at Level 1 of the trophic levels?
Level 1 organisms are called producers which include plants and algae that make their own food through photosynthesis.
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What organisms are classified as primary consumers in trophic levels?
Primary consumers are organisms at Level 2 which are herbivores that only eat plants.
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What is the role of secondary consumers in trophic levels?
Secondary consumers are organisms at Level 3; they are carnivores that eat herbivores.
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Who are tertiary consumers in an ecosystem?
Tertiary consumers are organisms at Level 4 which are carnivores that eat other carnivores and are apex predators.
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What are apex predators?
Apex predators are organisms at the top of the food chain that have no natural predators.
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What is the function of decomposers within an ecosystem?
Decomposers break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes that assist in the breakdown process.
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Explain how decomposers contribute to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
By breaking down dead organic matter decomposers return nutrients to the soil making them available for producers thus supporting the broader ecosystem.
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What is meant by 'food chain' in the context of trophic levels?
A food chain is a linear sequence that illustrates how energy and nutrients flow from producers to various levels of consumers.
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What are the four primary trophic levels in an ecosystem?
The four primary trophic levels are: 1) Producers (Level 1) 2) Primary Consumers (Level 2) 3) Secondary Consumers (Level 3) and 4) Tertiary Consumers (Level 4).
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What is the process by which small soluble food molecules move into microorganisms?
The process is called diffusion. Small soluble food molecules move into microorganisms by the process of diffusion.
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What do pyramids of biomass represent in an ecosystem?
Pyramids of biomass show the relative biomass at each trophic level indicating the relative weights of material at each level in the food chain.
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How does biomass change as you move up the trophic levels?
There is less biomass as you move up the trophic levels meaning that the biomass of organisms decreases from producers to top consumers.
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Why is the biomass of the organism in one trophic level above another generally higher?
The biomass of the organism in the level above another will always be higher because not all food consumed by an organism is converted into biomass and not all organisms can be consumed.
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How much incident energy from light do producers like plants and algae transfer during photosynthesis?
Producers transfer about 1% of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis because not all the light lands on the green photosynthesizing parts of the plant.
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What percentage of biomass from each trophic level is transferred to the next?
Only approximately 10% of the biomass from each trophic level is transferred to the next level in the food chain.
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What are some reasons why not all biomass can be eaten?
Carnivores generally cannot eat bones hooves claws and teeth which means not all biomass consumed can be digested or converted into energy.
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What is meant by 'not all of the biomass eaten is converted'?
This means that not all organic material obtained from food is transformed into biomass; part of it is lost as waste or used for metabolic processes.
202
Define what a trophic level is.
A trophic level refers to the position an organism occupies in a food chain which is determined by its feeding relationships and energy transfer.
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Explain the significance of energy transfer in ecosystems.
Energy transfer is significant because it determines the structure and functioning of ecosystems influencing the productivity and biomass available at each trophic level.
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What is the process where biomass from food is converted into animal biomass?
Biomass from food is converted into animal biomass through metabolic processes where nutrients from the food primarily glucose are used in respiration leading to growth energy expenditure and production of animal tissue.
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What waste product is produced during respiration?
Carbon dioxide is the waste product produced during respiration.
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What is urea and how is it eliminated from the body?
Urea is a waste substance produced during the breakdown of proteins and is eliminated from the body through urine.
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What happens to biomass that is consumed but not digested by herbivores?
Biomass that is consumed but not digested by herbivores is often lost as feces as herbivores lack all the necessary enzymes to break down certain materials.
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How is the efficiency of biomass transfer calculated?
The efficiency of biomass transfer is calculated using the formula: (Biomass available at the next level / Biomass available at the previous level) x 100.
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What trend is commonly seen regarding the number of animals at higher trophic levels?
It is common to find fewer animals at higher trophic levels due to the energy and biomass lost during each transfer between levels.
210
What is food security?
Food security refers to having sufficient food to meet the nutritional needs of a population.
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List four factors that affect food security.
1. Increasing birth rate leading to a higher demand for food. 2. Changing diets in developed countries increasing the demand for scarce food resources. 3. New pests and pathogens that can damage or destroy crops. 4. Climate change which has adverse effects on food production.
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Why does an increasing birth rate impact food security?
An increasing birth rate results in a larger population that requires more food resources thereby putting pressure on food supply systems to meet higher demands.
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In what way do changing diets in developed countries impact food resources?
Changing diets in developed countries can lead to an increased demand for certain food resources which may already be scarce thus exacerbating food security issues.
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What role do pests and pathogens play in food production?
Pests and pathogens can destroy crops leading to reduced yields and contributing to food scarcity thus impacting food security.
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How does climate change influence food production?
Climate change can affect food production through altered weather patterns which may cause droughts floods and temperature changes that adversely impact crop yields.
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What are the consequences of no rain for agriculture?
No rain can lead to crops failing resulting in decreased food availability and increased food insecurity.
217
How can conflicts in countries affect food and water availability?
Conflicts can disrupt supply chains damage agricultural infrastructure and displace populations leading to shortages of food and clean water.
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Why are sustainable methods important for global food security?
Sustainable methods are necessary to ensure that food production meets the needs of the growing population without degrading environmental resources.
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What is the goal of farmers in increasing energy conversion from food to biomass in livestock?
Farmers aim to increase the amount of energy converted to biomass to improve efficiency in food production.
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How do farmers reduce energy transfer from livestock to the environment?
Farmers reduce energy transfer by limiting movement of animals through small cages and maintaining high temperatures to decrease energy used for thermoregulation.
221
What types of diets are provided to livestock to promote growth?
Livestock are commonly fed high protein foods to enhance their growth rates.
222
What are the ethical concerns associated with intensive farming practices?
Ethical concerns include animal distress due to confinement high risk of disease spread and low living standards for the animals.
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What is the primary motive behind intensive farming methods despite ethical objections?
The primary motive is to increase profit and efficiency in food production.
224
List two methods used in farming to enhance the efficiency of livestock production.
1. Reducing animal movement by raising them in small cages.
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2. Providing high protein diets to promote faster growth.
226
What are some environmental impacts of conflicts on food production?
Conflicts can lead to land degradation disruption of farming activities and decreased access to clean water which can compromise food production.
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Why is it essential to consider animal welfare in farming practices?
Considering animal welfare is vital to ensure humane treatment reduce stress and disease risk among animals and meet ethical standards expected by consumers.
228
Describe two ways high temperatures benefit livestock production in intensive farming.
1. High temperatures reduce the energy livestock expend on maintaining their body temperature.
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2. They result in less energy wasted on movement allowing more energy to be directed toward growth.
230
What is the relationship between food security and sustainable farming practices?
Sustainable farming practices are critical for long-term food security; they ensure adequate food production while protecting the environment and resources for future generations.
231
What is the current status of fish populations in oceans?
The number of fish in the oceans is decreasing due to human fishing activities occurring at a faster rate than fish populations can regenerate.
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What is necessary to prevent fish species from disappearing in certain areas?
Fish populations need to stay above a certain level to ensure breeding can continue.
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What are some restrictions implemented to support sustainable fishing?
Restrictions include limits on net sizes to ensure smaller fish are not caught before they can reach breeding age and fishing quotas which limit the number of fish that can be caught in a specific area and timeframe.
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What is the purpose of fishing quotas?
Fishing quotas aim to prevent overfishing by allowing only a certain number of a species of fish to be caught within a given area and timeframe.
235
What is biotechnology's role in food production?
Biotechnology can help feed the growing population and provide treatments for various diseases.
236
What is mycoprotein and how is it produced?
Mycoprotein is a protein-rich food source produced by the fungus Fusarium grown on glucose syrup under aerobic conditions.
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Why is mycoprotein significant for vegetarians?
Mycoprotein is a suitable protein source for vegetarians because it provides protein without the need for animal sources.
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What are the environmental benefits of producing mycoprotein?
Producing mycoprotein reduces land use compared to traditional animal farming which is beneficial for the environment.
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What conditions are necessary for the growth of the fungus Fusarium for mycoprotein production?
The fungus Fusarium is grown on glucose syrup in aerobic conditions.
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How does mycoprotein contribute to sustainable food practices?
Mycoprotein contributes to sustainable food practices by providing a high-protein food source that reduces reliance on animal agriculture thus decreasing land use and the environmental impact associated with livestock farming.
241
What is the importance of land usage in animal rearing and crop production?
Land is essential for rearing animals and growing crops to feed them. Sustainable land usage can help reduce the overall environmental impact including contributions to greenhouse gas emissions such as methane.
242
How do cows contribute to methane emissions?
Cows produce methane as a byproduct of digestion specifically during the fermentation process in their stomachs. This methane contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
243
What role do genetically modified bacteria play in medicine?
Genetically modified bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins such as insulin. This insulin is harvested purified and used to treat individuals with diabetes significantly improving their quality of life.
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How is insulin produced using genetically modified bacteria?
Genetically modified bacteria often E. coli are engineered to contain human DNA that codes for insulin. These bacteria are then cultured in large quantities allowing them to produce insulin which is subsequently harvested and purified.
245
What are the advantages of genetically modifying crops?
Genetically modifying crops can increase agricultural yields enhance resistance to pests and extreme weather conditions and improve the nutritional content of crops addressing deficiencies in various populations.
246
What is Golden Rice and its significance?
Golden Rice is a genetically modified crop designed to produce beta-carotene a precursor to vitamin A. This modification is significant for improving nutrition in areas where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent potentially reducing related health issues such as blindness.
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Why is it beneficial to modify crops for pest resistance?
Modifying crops for pest resistance reduces the need for chemical pesticides lowers production costs and can enhance crop yields leading to more sustainable agricultural practices.
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What are the potential benefits of genetically modifying crops to withstand extreme weather conditions?
Crops that are genetically modified for resilience to extreme weather conditions can survive adverse situations such as droughts or floods ensuring more reliable food production and enhancing food security.
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What is the process by which genetically modified crops are created?
The process involves identifying desirable traits in crops isolating the corresponding genes and inserting them into the crop's genome using techniques such as gene splicing or CRISPR technology. This results in a plant that expresses the desired trait.
250
What ethical considerations are associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture?
Ethical considerations include potential impacts on biodiversity long-term health effects the rights of farmers regarding seed patents and transparency in food labeling for consumer choice.
251
How does genetic modification improve the nutritional value of crops?
Genetic modification can enhance the levels of essential vitamins and minerals in crops making them more nutritious and beneficial for populations that have limited access to a diverse diet.
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What are some common crops that have been genetically modified?
Common genetically modified crops include soybeans corn cotton and canola which have been modified for traits such as herbicide tolerance and pest resistance.
