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Biology Paper 2 > Topic 7 Inheritance > Flashcards

Topic 7 Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an organism

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2
Q

What is the phenotype

A

The expression of the genes and it’s interaction with the environment

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3
Q

What is homozygous

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes carrying the same alleles for a single gene

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4
Q

What is heterozygous

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes carrying 2 different alleles for a single gene

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5
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

An allele only expressed if no dominant allele is present

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6
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

An allele that will always be expressed in the phenotype

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7
Q

What does co dominant mean

A

Both alleles are equally dominant and expressed in the phenotype

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8
Q

What is sex linkage

A

A gene whose locus is on the X chromosome

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9
Q

What is autosomal linkage

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome (not sex chromosome)

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10
Q

What is epistsis

A

When one gene modified or masks the expression of a different gene at a different locus

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11
Q

What is mono hybrid

A

Genetic inheritance cross of characteristics determined by one gene

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12
Q

What is dihybrid

A

Genetic inheritance cross for a characteristic determined by 2 genes

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13
Q

How would you write a sex linkage genetic diagram

A

Chromosome and then the allele

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14
Q

What type of allele is cystic fibrosis caused by

A

Recessive

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15
Q

If 2 carriers of CF reproduce what is the probability they have a girl with cystic fibrosis

A

So the parental genotypes would be Ff and Ff so there would be a 25% chance of child with CF but if it’s a girl there’s 50% chance so you’d do 25% x 50% = 12.5%

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16
Q

What is the ratio of a dihybrid cross with 2 heterozygous parents

A

9:3:3:1

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17
Q

If autosomal linkage has occurred what is the ratio for dihybrid cross

A

3:1

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18
Q

What is chi squared

A

The statistic to investigate differences between frequencies

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19
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

There is no significant difference between the expected and observed frequency of …

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20
Q

What is a gene pool

A

All the alleles of all the genes within a population at one time

21
Q

What is a population

A

All the individuals if one species in one area at one time

22
Q

What is allele frequency

A

The proportion of an allele within the gene pool

23
Q

What is the equation for hardy Weinberg

A

P2 + 2pq + q2 =1

P= dominant allele
q = recessive
2pq = heterozygous
P2 = homozygous dominant
q2 = homozygous recessive

24
Q

What is the 2nd equation for hardy Weinberg

A

P+q=1

25
Q

What are the main sources of genetic variation(3)

A

Mutations, meiosis and random fertilisation

26
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

When individuals contain alleles coding for either extreme trait are more likely to survive and pass on their alleles

27
Q

What is speciation

A

A creation of a new species

28
Q

how does speciation occur

A

When original propulsion becomes reproductively isolated and cannot breed together

29
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Geographic isolation

30
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

Changes in the reproductive mechanisms

31
Q

Explain how sympatric speciation occurs

A
  1. Random mutation impacts reproductive behaviour e.g different courtship or different fertility times
  2. Due to this the individuals will not reproduce so there will be no gene flow between the 2 groups within the population
  3. Causing reproductive isolation they will accumulate different mutations so they cannot interbreed
32
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequency within a population between generations

33
Q

What is a population

A

Group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat

34
Q

What is a habitat

A

Part of an ecosystem in which particular organisms live

35
Q

What is a community

A

All the populations of different species in the same area at the same time

36
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

A community and the non living components of an environment

37
Q

What is a niche

A

Organisms role in an ecosystem including their position on the food web and habitat

38
Q

What is a carrying capacity

A

The maximum population size an ecosystem can support

39
Q

Give 3 examples of abiotic factors

A

Carbon dioxide conc, light intensity and Ph

40
Q

Give 2 examples of biotic factors

A

Competition and predication

41
Q

What is interspecfic competition

A

Members of different species are in competition for the same recources such as food or water

42
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

Members of the SAME species are in competition e.g a mate

43
Q

When would you sample using a quadrat

A

When is it a slow moving organism

44
Q

What would you use for sampling with motile organisms

A

Mark - release - recapture

45
Q

Explain the method of the mark-recapture- release

A
  1. Initial sample of population is captured
  2. Individual are marked harmlessly
  3. Marked individuals released and left for period of time allowed to randomly disperse
  4. Second sample captured
  5. Total number of captured in the second sample and number recaptured with marks recorded
  6. Size of population is then estimated on principle that proportion marker in second sample = proportion of marked individuals as population as a whole
46
Q

What is the calculation for the estimated total population

A

Number of organisms initially caught x number of organisms caught in 2nd sample / number of marked organisms recaptured

47
Q

What is succession

A

Change in ecological community over time

48
Q

What is primary succession

A

Starts with a pioneer species colonising a bare rock or sand

E.g lichen adapted to survive harsh abiotic factors and from their death the abiotic factors become less harsh and from a thin layer of soil called humus

49
Q

What is secondary succession

A

Disrupted and plants are destroyed

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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