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Chemsitry > Topic 7 - Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define crude oil.

A

A finite resource, found in rocks which is composed of the remains of old dead animals (mainly plankton) berried in the earth.

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2
Q

What is crude oil in terms of hydrocarbons?

A

A mixture of a large number of different compounds most of which are hydrocarbons.

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon.

A

A molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen only.

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Have the same general formula.
Have similar chemical properties
Molecular formula of successive compounds by CH₂

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A
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6
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes and the molecular formula of each one.

A

Methane - CH₄
Ethane - C₂H₆
Propane - C₃H₈
Butane - C₄H₁₀

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7
Q

How can crude oil be separated?

A

By fractional distillation.

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8
Q

Give the process of fractional distillation of crude oil.

A

1) Crude oil is passed through a furnace where it is vaporised.
2) The vapour then enters the the fractionating column,
3) The bottom of the column is hotter than the top.
4) The vapour rises up the column.
5) As the vapor rises it cools down.
6) When the boiling point of the different hydrocarbons are reached they condense.
7) These fractions are collected.

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9
Q

As hydrocarbons get larger what happens to its properties?

A

The boiling point increases
The viscosity increases
The flammability decreases

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10
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbons releases energy, During combustion of hydrocarbons are the hydrocarbons oxidised or reduced?

A

Oxidised.

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11
Q

Is there more demand for longer or shorter chains of hydrocarbons?

A

Shorter chains as they are often used as fuels.

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12
Q

What is cracking and what is the general formula for it?

A

A process used to break up longer less useful hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

Longer hydrocarbon –> Shorter alkane + alkene

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13
Q

What are the two main methods of cracking and explain each one?

A

Catalytic cracking - Hydrocarbons are vapourised the vapours are passed over a hot catalyst.

Steam cracking - Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam at high temperature.

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14
Q

What is more reactive alkenes or alkanes?

A

Alkenes.

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15
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Alkenes can react with bromine water alkanes can’t
Add bromine water - which is orange.
When added with alkene, alkenes decolourise the bromine water so it becomes colourless.

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16
Q

Define a alkene and it’s structure.

A

Alkenes are unsaturated molecules they have a double carbon-carbon bond. This means they have fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.

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17
Q

What is the homologous series of alkanes general formula?

A
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18
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes and the molecular formula for them and draw the structure for one of them.

A
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19
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes and what does it do?

A

Alkenes react differently to alkanes due to the presence of this functional group.

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20
Q

How do alkenes more likely combust?

A

They are more likely to combust with via incomplete combustion than alkanes this means they burn with a smokey flame.

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21
Q

What reaction happens when alkenes react with hydrogen, water and halogens and what is that?

A

An addition reaction takes place - Happens when atoms are added to the carbon-carbon double bond, forming a carbon single bond.

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22
Q

Draw the addition reaction of this reaction.

A
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23
Q

What is the general formula for the addition of alkenes with water (steam)

A
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24
Q

Show the structure of the addition of ethene + water –> ethanol

A
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25
In a hydration reaction what is used to carry it out?
A temperature of 300°C. A catalyst
26
What is the general equation of a alkene reacting with a halogen.
Alkene + halogen --> halogenoalkane
27
Show the structure of the addition of ethene + chlorine --> dichloroethane
28
What functional group does alcohols contain and how can the homologous series of alcohols be represented?
Functional group - OH. Homologous series -
29
What are the names of the first four alcohols of the homologous series and there molecular formula and uses.
30
What is the general formula of the combustion of alcohol?
alcohol + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
31
How does complete combustion and incomplete combustion take place?
Complete combustion occurs when there is an excess of oxygen. If there is a limited supply incomplete combustion occurs.
32
During incomplete combustion what is formed?
Water is still made but carbon and or carbon monoxide will form in place of carbon dioxide.
33
Are shorter or longer alcohols more easy to combust and what flame do they burn with?
Shorter alcohols combust more easily making them more efficient fuels. They burn with a blue flame.
34
What is the general formula for when ethanol reacts with sodium?
Ethanol + Sodium --> Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
35
What observation can we make when sodium is added to an alcohol?
Bubbles of hydrogen gas forming.
36
Alcohols are oxidised by combustion but what else can they be oxidised using?
Oxidising agent.
37
What is the general formula for when a alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent?
Alcohol + oxidising agent --> carboxylic acid + water
38
Does solubility in water increase as length of alcohol chain decreases?
No, as length of alcohol chain increases solubility decreases.
39
How can ethanol be made what conditions are required?
By the fermentation of glucose. fermentation uses yeast and anaerobic conditions to make ethanol from glucose. Conditions required are: Sugar (glucose) dissolved in water. Yeast. Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) 25-35°C - due to optimum temperature for yeast enzymes.
40
What is the word equation for the fermentation of glucose to make ethanol?
Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
41
What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
COOH
42
How can the homologous series of carboxylic acids be represented?
43
What are the first 4 members of the carboxylic acid homologous series and what is there molecular formula and draw the structure of ethanoic acid?
44
When dissolved in water what is the pH of carboxylic acids?
Less than 7.
45
Are carboxylic acids strong or weak acids?
Carboxylic acids are weak acids as they only partially ionise in water.
46
When sodium reacts with ethanoic acid what is formed in the products?
Sodium ethanoate + hydrogen
47
When carboxylic acids react with alcohols what is formed?
Ester + water
48
What is the functional group of esters and what are some uses of them.
Functional group - COO Esters are used as solvents, flavourings and perfumes. They have a fruity smell.
49
What is the word equation when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid and show the structure?
50
How can alkenes be used to make polymers and what is that?
By addition polymerisation. - Many small molecules join together to form a very large molecule.
51
Draw the structure of polyethene
52
What are the small molecules called and what are the large molecules called?
Small molecules are called monomers Large Molecules they form are called molecules are called polymers.
53
How are condensation polymers formed?
They are formed using two different monomers with two different functional groups. These functional groups react together and lose a small molecule for example water.
54
What are the two types of molecules that react together to form condensation polymers?
Diols Dicarboxylic acids
55
What is formed when diols and dicarboxylic acids react together and draw the reaction?
Polyesters Water is lost.
56
What functional groups does amino acids have?
NH₂ carboxylic acid group - COOH
57
How do amino acids react together and what do they form?
They react together by a condensation reaction (water is removed and a bond is formed) to form polypeptides.
58
What is DNA?
Contains genetic instructions.
59
What does DNA molecules consist of?
Two polymer chains made up of 4 different monomers called nucleotides arranged in a double helix.
60
What is the monomer for Protein, Starch and cellulose?
Protein - Amino acid (polypeptides) Starch + Cellulose - Sugar

Chemsitry (10 decks)

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