Topic 7 - Populations and Evolution Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

what is a population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time.

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2
Q

what is a gene pool

A

the complete range of alleles in a population

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3
Q

what is allele frequency

A

how often an allele occurs in a population

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4
Q

what does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict

A
  • allele frequencies wont change from one generation to the next
  • if it is a large population..
  • no immigration
  • no emigration
  • no mutations
  • no natural selection
  • random mating
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5
Q

in the Hardy Weinberg principle, what does p^2 stand for

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

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6
Q

in the Hardy Weinberg principle, what does 2pq stand for

A

frequency of heterozygous genotype

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7
Q

in the Hardy Weinberg principle, what does q^2 stand for

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

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8
Q

what is the hardy weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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9
Q

what is genetic variation

A

all the different alleles of genes in a population

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10
Q

what is the main source of genetic variation

A

mutation

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11
Q

what is evolution

A

the change in allele frequncy over time

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12
Q

what is disruptive selection

A
  • individuals with alleles for extreme phenotypes at either end of the range are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • e.g. birds with large beaks are specialised for large seeds. birds with small beaks are specialised for small seeds
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13
Q

what is speciation

A

the development of a new species from an existing species

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14
Q

when does speciation occurs

A
  • when a population of the same species becomes reproductively isolated
  • by a physical barrier - allopatric
  • by a reproductive barrier - sympatric
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15
Q

how does allopatric speciation work

A
  • population is geographically separated
  • the population willl experience different selection pressures
  • random mutations will occur
  • different alleles will be more advantageous in different populations
  • allele is passed onto offspring
  • this changes the allele frequency which leads to different phenotypes frequencies
  • eventually the populations will change so much that they will no longer be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring - reproductively isolated
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16
Q

why does sympatric speciation occur

A
  • seasonal - develop different flowering or mating seasons
  • mechanical - changes in genitalia prevent successful mating
  • behavioural - develop a courtship ritual that are not attractive
  • this all leads to reproductive isolation
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17
Q

how does sympatric speciation occur

A
  • in the same area
  • random mutation results in a new phenotype
  • passed down to offspring
  • allele frequency increases
  • causing reproductive isolation
  • eventually they become different species
  • cannot produce fertile offspring
18
Q

what are selection pressures

A

external factors that impact reproductive success of an individual

19
Q

what is the genetic drift

A
  • individuals within a population show variation in their genotypes
  • by chance the allele for one genotype is passed on to offspring more often
  • so the number of individuals with the alleles increases
  • changes in the allele frequency in two isolated populations could eventually lead to reproductive isolation and separation
  • this causes evolution
20
Q

what is a community

A

populations of different species living in the same habitat at the same time

21
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

a community and all the non living conditions in the habitat

22
Q

what is a niche

A

the role of a species in a habitat, e.g. what it eats, where it feeds

23
Q

why is it good that different species in an ecosystem have different niche

A
  • they dont have to compete for food
  • so they can both survive and reproduce
24
Q

what are examples of abiotic factors

A
  • light
  • water
  • space
  • temperarure
  • chemical composition
25
give examples of biotic factors
* predators * prey
26
what is carrier capacity
the maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
27
how would you investigate population size
* measure area * large and random sampling * count number of organisms visible in quadrat * repeat * calculate mean and multiply it by size of area
28
what are transects and quadrats used to investigate
* non motile organisms
29
what is mark release capture used to investigate
motile organisms
30
describe the method of mark release capture
* capture a sample of organisms using an appropriate technique * count and mark them in a harmless way (n1) * release them back into their habitat * wait a while until they are evenly distributed * take a second sample from the same population * count how many in the second sample are marked (m2) and all together (n2) * use the equation (N1xN2) divided by m2
31
what assumptions are made when using mark release capture method
* marked sample has enough time and opportunity to mix back with the population - evenly disrtibuted * marking has not affected individuals chances of survival * no changes in population size between samples taken
32
what is succession
* directional change in species structure of an ecosystem over time due to environmental changes
33
what is primary succesion
* land that has been newely formed or exposed * there is no soil to begin with
34
what is secondary succession
* land that has been cleared of all the plants * soil remains
35
Describe how succession occurs
* colonization by a pioneer species * organisms change the environmental factors * environment becomes less hostile * environment becomes suitable for new species * increas in diversity * climax community means the environment is stable and wont change
36
what is a the first species to colonize an area called
pioneer species
37
what is the final stage of succession
* climax community * the environment is in a stable state and will not change
38
what factor determines the species that makes up a climax community
climate
39
what things can stop succession
* mown grass * grazing * fire
40
what is conservation
the protection and management of species and habitats (ecosystem) in a sustainabe way
41
what are reasons for conservation
* biodiversity * ecotourism * plants = medicinal sources