Topic 7 - The nutrient metabolism of plants; the effect of nutrient deficiency Flashcards by chiara konye

Nutrient compound of forages

Water

Drymatter

Organic matter
Inorganic matter

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Organic matter

Amino acids, proteins, amids
Sugars, carbohydrates
Different kind of fats
Fibers, cellulose, lignin
Antibiotics, antinutritive agents, vitamins

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Inorganic matter

Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Toxic elements

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Importance of macronutrients

Ca, P - Bone development, muscle action
Mg - Muscle action, vascular structure
Na, K, Cl - Homeostais
Fe - Oxygen transfer
S - protein, wool, feather

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Importance of micronutrients

Cu – Haematogenesis, enzyme builder
I – Thyroid gland
Co – haematogenesis, B12 vitamin
F – bone, tooth enamel
Mn – enzyme builder, detoxification
Se – Antioxidant enzymes
Zn – feather, bone, enzyme builder
Mo – enzyme builder

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Mineral nutrients

Mineral nutrients in soil can only be absorbed by plants and microbes

60 elements of the Earth’s crust are found in the plants

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Essential elements

17 of them

Absence → deficiency symptoms, death

take part in metabolism

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Classification

Based on function
Based on concentration
Based on deficiency symptoms

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Function (classification)

Basic elements forming compounds (C, H, O, N)

Participate in cell’s energy services (P, B, Si)

Elements of cell’s water balance (K, Na)

In ion forms or binding to organic compound, co factor of enzymes

Participants of electron transport processes

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Concentration (classification)

Macroelements
Mesoelements
Microelements

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Deficiency symptoms (classification)

Can easily mobilise (N, P, K, Mg, Cl)

Transition (Species dependent)

Can hardly mobilise (B, Fe, Ca)

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Necessity of nutrients

Nutrient content ≠ needs
Optimum ≠ accumulated
Liebig’s law of the minimum

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Effect of pH for nutrients uptake in the soil

Quality of bedrock

H-ion absorption ability of mineral soil = soil buffer capacity

Determine the amount of absorbable nutrients for plants

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Nutrients uptake

Interception (root) 
Bulk flow
Diffusion (water) 
Apoplast
Synplast
Through the membrane

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Nitrogen uptake (plants)

the most amount absorbed element (70%)

2-5% dry matter

Continous N-need

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Role of nitrogen (plants)

Amino acids, amids, proteins, coenzymes

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Nitrogen absorbed from (plants)

low pH: nitrate
High pH: ammonium
Excess: weak stem, spongy tissues

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Nitrogen Deficiency (plants)

Chlorosis of low leaves
Smaller leaves
Root elongation
Stem: root ratio change

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Nitrogen role (animals)

Pure protein, Amids, amid matters, amino acids, peptides, alkaloids

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Nitrogen deficiency (animals)

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Decreased immunity 
Weakness 
Decreased weight
Osteoporosis
Anaemia
Disorders in GT

Phosphorous uptake (plants)

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pH < 7 : H2PO4(-)

pH > 7 : HPO4(2-)

Phosphorous content in plant

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0.1-0.3%

Also inorganic and organic forms
Stored Pi, in seeds: fiat - K/Mg form

Phosphorous role (plants)

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Sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, ATP

Phosphorylation-enzymes, activation of molecules, signal transduction

Phosphorous deficiency (plants)

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Disorder in fruit production

Hard leaves, slender stem

P good mobilised element

Late flowering

In cereals significantly decreased the seed weight

Phosphorous (animals)

80% in bones, others in the soft tissues Bones: P bind to Ca Soft tissues: most of P are in organic bond while P forms of energy stores such as ATP, ADP Important role in energy balance

Phosphorous deficiency (animals)

Rachytis Osteomalatia Egg shell taper Addmix: cereals Sterility in cattle without any symptoms

Potassium Uptake (plants)

Mobile K channels Xylem transport with NO3-

Potassium role (plants)

Electroneutralization, cytoplasm, pH (7-8) stability Osmotic potential, water movement, turgor, regulation of membrane potential Activate enzymes, stability of protein configuration

Potassium deficiency (plants)

Turgor decreasing, wilted leaves Decreasing production Disorders in stomata movements Decreasing tolerance against cold and insects Good mobilized element

Potassium role (animals)

Homeostasis Na-K pump Neuro transitional transport Muscle metabolism

Potassium deficiency (animals)

``` Slow growth Reduces feed and water intake Muscular weakness Decreasing production (meat, egg) Vomiting, diarrhea ```

Magnesium Uptake (plants)

Mg2+ form | Competition with K, Mg, Ca, and H-ions

Magnesium content in plants

Pektate Chlorophyll-Mg 60-90% soluble 0.3% dry matte

Magnesium role in plants

pH stabilization, absorbed organic acids in Chlorophyll structure activate phosphorylation processes Ribosomes RNA-biosynthesis

Magnesium deficiency in plants

Inhibited chlorophyll synthesis Chlorosis, necrosis Stored sugar and starch in leaves General disorders in metabolism

Magnesium role (animals)

``` Maintain isoionia Enzyme activator (carboxyls) Muscle development Artery strengthen effect Vasoconstructive effect ```

Magnesium deficiency (animals)

``` Grass tetany Muscle weakness Neural problems Disorders in egg shell formation Diarrhea ```

Sulfur uptake (plants)

Mainly in roots, in SO4(2-) form

S content of plants

0.2-1.7%, species dependent

Sulfur role in plants

``` Amino acids (cys, Met), proteins, disulfide bridges R-SH functional groups in enzymes Allicins (allium)-bactericid Glucozinolates (kale) –SCN release Glutation ```

Sulfur deficiency in plants

Similar to N deficiency Retarded above ground parts Yellow leaves Red color in serious deficiency

Sulfur role in animals

Connective tissue Horn matters Wool production Enzymes; hormones

Sulfur deficiency (animals)

Hair/feather dropping Skin disorders Decreased immunity Arthrotomic vulnerability

Calcium uptake in plants

Hardly pH dependent carbinate-bicarbonate buffer Ca2+ form

Calcium role in plants

Osmoregulation Membrane stability Secondary messenger Protection against other toxic elements/agents

Calcium deficiency in plants

Inhibited growing at young tissues Bush/shrub form Chlorosis Dark skin-like patches in the fruits

Calcium role in animals

``` Skeletal formation Blood clotting Muscle contraction Impulse conduction (enzyme activator) Neuro transitional transport Cardiac muscle working ```

Calcium deficiency (animals)

``` Disorders in growing and bone forming processes Neural problems Tetany Calcing paralysis Hormonla dysfunction ```

Micronutrient deficiencies in animals

Iron deficiency: porcelainpale of pigs Manganese def.: pitching, paralysis expanded bone Copper def.: kinkled hairs or lack of pigments of hairs in sheep

Topic 7 - The nutrient metabolism of plants; the effect of nutrient deficiency Flashcards

(49 cards)