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Chemistry > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

1
Q

8.1
What is a hydrocarbon?

A

-Compound
-ONLY C & H₂ atoms

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2
Q

8.2
What is crude oil?

A

-Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (C atoms = in chains/rings)
-Finite resource
-Important source for useful substances e.g. fuels for vehicles, aircraft, ships, power stations; feedstock (raw materials) for petrochemical industry

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3
Q

8.2
Describe the formation of crude oil

A

-Sea animals die -> fall into sea bed (don’t decay)
-Sand + mud (sediment) form on top
-↑ pressure + temp turns them into crude oil
-Takes millions of yrs

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4
Q

8.2
Hydrocarbons can be arranged in chains and rings. Why?

A

-Each C atom forms 4 cov bonds
-C can be arranged in diff ways

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5
Q

8.3
Why does crude oil need to be separated?

A

Useless

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6
Q

8.3
Explain the process of separating crude oil into more useful mixtures

A

-Fractional distillation
-Heat oil -> liquid (w/ lowest bp) evaporates
-Gas enters column & reaches top -> cools & condenses -> collected as liquid
-Liquid w/ highest bp doesn’t condense

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7
Q

8.4
Name the compounds formed from the separation of crude oil starting with the coolest

A

-LPG (liquid petroleum gas)
-Petrol
-Kerosene
-Diesel
-Fuel oil
-Bitumen

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8
Q

8.4
State a use of LPG

A

Domestic heating & cooking

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9
Q

8.4
State a use of petrol

A

Fuel for cars

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10
Q

8.4
State a use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircrafts

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11
Q

8.4
State a use of diesel

A

Fuel for trains & some other vehicles

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12
Q

8.4
State 2 uses of fuel oil

A

-Fuel for large ships
-Power stations

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13
Q

8.4
State a use of bitumen

A

Surface roads & roofs

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14
Q

8.5
Define the term ignition

A

Setting something on fire

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15
Q

8.5
Define the term viscosity

A

How thick/runny substance is (↑ viscosity = does NOT flow easily)

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16
Q

8.5
Compare the compounds in crude oil fractions

A

Top
-Small molec (less H & C atoms)
-↓ bp
-Ignite easily
-↓ viscosity
Bottom
-Large molec
-↑ bp
-Don’t ignite easily
-↑ viscosity
Darker as go down

17
Q

8.6
What are alkanes?

A

-CnH2n+2
-Homologous series of hydrocarbons w/ single cov bond
-Saturated (means single bond)

18
Q

8.6
What are alkenes?

A

-CnH2n
-Homologous series of hydrocarbons w/ C to C double cov bond
-Unsaturated

(Note: can only have 1 double bond)

19
Q

8.6
What is the homologous series?

A

Series of compounds
-Same general formula
-Molecular formula of neighbouring compounds differ by CH2
-Gradual variation in physical properites
-Similar chemical properties

(Note: Top 2 = top ans)

20
Q

8.6
What is a saturated hydrocarbon? [3 marks]

A

-Single cov bond
-ONLY
-H & C atoms

21
Q

8.6
What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Alkanes

22
Q

8.6
Why is there no methene?

A

-Only 1 C atom
-No C to C double bond

23
Q

8.6
Propane and propene are bubbled through separate samples of bromine water. Describe what would happen to the bromine water

A

-Bromine = yellow/orange
-(when added to) Propane: Stays same
-Propene: decolourises from orange -> colourless

24
Q

8.7
Define the term combustion

A

Process of burning something

25
Q

8.7
Describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. State the equation

A

-Products = Co₂ + water
-E given out

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

8.7
Why does the Bunsen burner have a blue flame when the air hole is open?

A

Lot of O₂ present

27
Q

8.8
a) When does incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons occur? b) What are the products?

A

a) Limited supply of O₂
b) Water, C (soot), CO, CO₂

28
Q

8.8
Explain why the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon and carbon monoxide

A

Not enough O₂ to turn C into CO₂

29
Q

8.9
Explain how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas

A

-Colourless, odourless, toxic gas
-Haemoglobin prefers to pick up CO
-Not enough O₂ for respiration
-Death

30
Q

8.10
State 2 effects of soot (carbon)

A

-Dirty walls
-Aggravate respiratory problems

31
Q

8.11
Explain 2 ways acid rain is formed

A

-Burn fuel -> sulfur impurities react w/ O₂ -> sulfur dioxide
-Dissolves in rain water -> sulfuric acid (acid rain)

-Car engines -> nitrogen reacts w/ O₂ -> nitrogen dioxide
-Dissolves in rain water -> nitric acid (acid rain)

32
Q

8.12
State 3 effects of acid rain

A

-Kill fish
-Kill trees
-Damage buildings

33
Q

8.13
Explain why oxygen and nitrogen react to produce oxides of nitrogen in car engines (internal combustion engines)

A

-Fuel mixes w/ air & ignited in engine ->↑ temp
-O₂ + N collide more -> react

34
Q

8.14

A

Chemistry (13 decks)

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