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Environmental Management > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Population density

A

Population per area

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2
Q

Population distribution

A

How population is spread over an area

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3
Q

Population

A

All of the organisms of the same species living in a defined area at the same time

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4
Q

Phases

A

Lag phase : a period of time in population growth in which the organism is adapting to new environment so growth rate is slow

Log phase exponential : a period of time in which growth rate of organism is increasing over time as all requirements are available

Stationary phase : when the growth rate of a population has slowed down to zero as carrying capacity is reached where birth rate equals death rate

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5
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum size of a population that an environment can sustain in terms of food water and other resources

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6
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per thousand of population per year

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7
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per thousand of population per year

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8
Q

Infant death rate

A

Number of death of children below age 1 year old per thousand of population per year

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9
Q

Natural increase

A

Difference between birth and death rates

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10
Q

Migration

A

Migration: the movement of people Into (Immigration) or out of (emigration) a region,country or an area.

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11
Q

Population growth

A

Population growth: (birth rate + immigration) - (death rate + emigration)

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12
Q

Pull factors

A

Pull factors (Immigrate)

Positive Factors that attract people TO

an area.

Good transportation and infrastructure

Good supplies of food

Well-paid jobs

Better quality of lifestyle

Better education

Better healthcare

Good temperature/climate.

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13
Q

Dependent

A

Those people in the population who aren’t economically active / working ( smaller than 16 and older than 65) thus rely on those who are economically active

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14
Q

Independent

A

Those people in a population who are economically active ( 17 and 65)

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15
Q

Taxes from independent people is used for

A

Education for the young and provision of schools for the children

Creating care home places and health facilities for the old population

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16
Q

Factors affecting birth and death rate

A

In farming areas of LEDCs: more children are needed in manual labor so families tend to be larger

In MECDS : it’s expensive to have children and pensions are being provided, so they don’t need children to take care of them when they are older

In LEDCs : many social and political factors results in low use of birth control whereas in MEDCS birth control is widely used so birth and death rates are lower

17
Q

Push factors

A

Push factors (Emigrate)

Negative Factors that encourage people to move FROM an area.

War or conflict

Drought/ famine

Desertification

Bad climate

Unemployment and poverty

Poor quality of life

Natural disasters

18
Q

Why there is a range of possible

world population figures:

A

Future cannot be predicted

Birth rates and death rates may change

Natural disasters may occur

Diseases and pandemic may occur Change in population policies

Medical advances

19
Q

Managing human population size

A

Family planning: methods used by couples to decide the number of children to have and when, which is mostly encouraged by governments.

Birth control methods:

Contraception: used to prevent pregnancy.

B. Improved health: High infant mortality causes couples to have more children. When it is reduced by better healthcare and sanitation, the trend is reversed.

C. Improved education:

  1. Makes people more aware of methods to limit family size (family planning).
  2. Educated women have more opportunities to work so they may plan a career as well as having children, which limits how many children are born.
  3. Education can also lead to a tendency for late marriages and thus late childbearing.

D. National population policies:

Pronatalist policy: a national or regional policy that aims to encourage couples to have

children.

In countries like France, couples were encouraged to have more than 2 children.

Subsided or free nurseries/schools/high education.

Subsided or free healthcare for children or parents.

Subsided or free public transport.

Encourage appropriate immigration.

Allowances or benefits for having children e.g.: birth bonuses

Paid maternity or paternity leave.

at Hate

Antinatalist policy: a national or regional policy that aims to discourage couples from having children.

Some countries have no population policies at all and usually have high birth rates.

In LEDCs, population increases too fast, and these policies can form in weak measures such

as:

The provision of family planning, contraceptives, and education.

Laws encouraging couples to have only one or two children. E.g.: One or two child

policy in China.

One-child policy:

Advantages

Simple and easy to manage

Financial benefits for the families

Higher pensions and cheap loans

Disadvantages

Mandatory contraception

Gender imbalance due to preference of boys

Severe penalties eg. large fines

More job opportunities, food, housing, and Wealthy people can ignore

land

Exceptions: rural families are allowed 2

children and twins

E: Migration/immigration

Countries that are overpopulated, its population seeks to leave the country unlike countries

with low population, people immigrate to these countries.

F. Raising the age of marriage

G. Parental choice for lower families

20
Q

Problems caused by population growth

A

Environmental problems

  1. Deforestation and loss of biodiversity.

Erosion and desertification due to over cultivation.

Damage to marine ecosystem due to overfishing.

  1. Air pollution due to increased vehicles and industries.
  2. Land pollution due to increased garbage.
  3. Increased noise pollution.

Water pollution.

Other problems (Economic)

1- Insufficient schools

2 Insufficient hospitals

3- High level of unemployment

4- Food shortage

5- Shortage of housing and infrastructure

6- Poverty

7- Shortage of water

8- Shortage of electricity

9- Traffic congestion

21
Q

Problems caused by low birth rate

A

The working age population (independent people) decreases so the need for migrants increases.

  1. Increased number of old dependent people so decrease in fertility rate.
  2. Increased financial burden on medical system.
  3. Increased pension costs.
  4. increase cost of Health Care

6.lack of work force in the Future

7.less tax Payers

Environmental Management (9 decks)

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