Topic 8 (18th/19th century) - approaches to prevention and treatment

Question 1

Describe the changes between hospitals in 1350 and hospitals in 1750

Answer 1

1. 1350 - hospitals were attached to a monastery. 1750 -
   hospitals were independent
2. 1350 - church ran hospitals. 1750 - local charities/councils ran hospitals
3. 1350 - patients treated by monks and nuns with little training. 1750 - surgeons and dr’s treated the sick, whilst nurses did manual work and administered treatments

Question 2

What DIDNT change between hospitals in 1350 and hospitals in 1750

Answer 2

In 1350 and 1750 hospitals, The poor, who did not have contagious diseases visited hospitals

Question 3

What event happened in March 1854 and how did it provide an opportunity for Nightingale to make advances in nursing techniques?

Answer 3

1 - The Crimean war

2 - England needed better hospitals as many soldier patients were dying

Question 4

Who did Nightingale take with her to Scutari?

Answer 4

38 fully trained nurses, 24 of which were nuns

Question 5

List three improvements that Nightingale and her staff made to the military hospital in Scutari

Answer 5

1. They improved organisation and adminstration
2. They improved cleanliness and hygiene
3. They improved standards of care for soldiers

Question 6

How did Nightingale use the fame she gained in the Crimean War to influence nursing practises in Britain?

Answer 6

She used her fame to sell a book, ‘Notes on Nursing’, that became the standard text to train nurses for years

Question 7

How was surgery limited by the lack of anaesthetics?

Answer 7

Because the extreme pain in surgeries often led to many patients dying of trauma

Question 8

What did James Simpson and Joseph Lister discover?

Answer 8

1. Joseph Lister - carbolic acid could be used to treat wounds
2. James Simpson - Chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic

Question 9

What event defeated the widespread opposition to anaesthetics in 1853?

Answer 9

Queen Victoria praised the use of chloroform during the birth of her 8th child

Question 10

What impact did the germ theory have on surgery?

Answer 10

Surgeries began to take place in more sterile conditions, and antiseptics were used to kill germs in operating rooms

Question 11

List two features of the public health act of 1875 that were influenced by germ theory and aimed to reduce the levels of germs

Answer 11

1- all new buildings had to have running water and a drainage system , so that sewage did not flow out onto the streets
2- Housing was required to meet a certain standard of hygiene and cleanliness