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Psych 258 > Topic 8 - Everyday Memory > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Everyday Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

regarding the personal past is complex memory as it contains both semantic and episodic information.

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2
Q

What are the two perspective to look through for autobiographical memory

A

Field and observer perspective

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3
Q

Field perspective

A

(Your not there)

  • reliving the experience through your own eyes
  • new memories
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4
Q

Observer perspective

A

(You are there)

  • your remember yourself in that scene (physical impossibility)
  • older more distant memories
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5
Q

Which brain regions are involved in autobiographical memory?

A

1) parietal cortex
2) prefrontal cortex
3) hippocampus

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6
Q

Whihc brain regions are more active in what kind of perspective?

A

Parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus are all more active during FIELD perspective

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7
Q

1) parietal cortex
2) prefrontal cortex
3) hippocampus

A

1) parietal cortex
- related to scene processing

2) prefrontal cortex
- related to processing self

3) hippocampus
- related to recollection / mental time travel

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8
Q

REMINISCENCE bump

A

Increase in recollection of memories in the past life span form ages 10 - 30.
- large percentage of remembered memories are form this stage in life.

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9
Q

What are the hypothesis that explain the reminiscence bump?

A

1) self-image hypothesis
2) cognitive hypothesis
3) cultural life script hypothesis

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10
Q

1) self-image hypothesis

A
  • around this time, most ‘firsts’ that will ever occur in your life
  • ## develop stable sense of self
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11
Q

2) cognitive hypothesis

A
  • encoding is best during times of change followed by periods of stability.
  • after 30, life is very stable, less recollection as its all very routine
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12
Q

3) cultural life script hypothesis

A
  • social influences tell us that certain memories are expected to be remembered and should be important to us
  • like our teen years and college years
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13
Q

Which is more remembered? Unemotional or emotional memory?

A

Emotional memory

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14
Q

Why are emotional memories more memorable then unemotional memories?

A

Because of valence and arousal

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15
Q

Valence and arousal

A

Valence : positive pro negative

Arousal: clam or excited

diff experiences give diff combos of these

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16
Q

What is critically involved in the processing of emotional memories

A

Amygdala and cortisol release

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17
Q

The amygdala appears critically involved in the

A

processing of emotional information relative to non-emotional information

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18
Q

Case study BP had amygdala damage and after in reporting memories for an emotional story,

A

did not show the enhancement effect for emotional content

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19
Q

___________ is released after an emotional episode and such hormones contribute to the consolidation of memories.

A

Stress hormone (e.g., cortisol)

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20
Q

Flash bulb:

A

rare and highly emotional shocking events. The memory quality for these kinds of events are critical in terms of remembering who we are and how we should act when going forward, may be crucial for our own survival.

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21
Q

Now Print principle:

A

idea that we need to have an accurate copy of this very important info, may be critical for survival as a species.

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22
Q

• Now print principle is challenged by individuals who

A

look systematically at flashbulb memories, because this flashbulb memories don’t seem to be immune to the kinds of reconstruction we normally experience (in terms of flask memories, forgetting etc..). So flash bulb memories are unique in that respect.

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23
Q

In what ways are flashbulb memories unique?

A

In that they are not immune to the kinds of reconstruction we normally experience (like everyday forgetting)

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24
Q

When it comes to studying flash bulb memories, researchers must

A

act very quickly because you cannot control when a flashbulb memory occurs, and they need to collect data almost immediately after.

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25
When the same person recalled their memories of the challenger explosion, the statement made a day after and 3 years later were
Very different. | - providing evidence that flashbulb memories quality is no better then everyday memories.
26
TV report in the challenger experiment
A day after 25% 3 years later 50% Average consistency = 2.95/7 Evidence that’s theres reconstruction in flashbulb memories and filling in the gaps of parts that may be missing
27
OJ Simpson trial
- Both the statements were different and not consistent with one another. - More evidence of reconstruction
28
PRESIDENT BUSH’S FALSE FLASHBULB MEMORY OF 9/11/01
Memory 1 - I saw an airplane hit the tower - Card said ‘A second plane has hit the tower” Memory 2 - senior advisor Karl Rove bringing him the news [of the first plane hitting the North Tower] - Bush was seated on a stool in the classroom when - Card whispered the news: ‘A second plane hit the second tower’” Memory 3 “I had seen this plane fly into the first building. […] and Andy Card came and said, ‘America is under attack’”
29
What are the four aspects of bushes memories on 9-11?
1) visual image salience 2) narrative 3) crash 1 VS crash 2 4) event - time problem
30
1) visual image salience:
- ppl not at the scene and saw footage have the MOST salient perception that day. - this acts as a starting point for the flashbulb memory “What’s the most likely way i experience the event?”
31
2) Narrative:
- reconstructive narratives / expectations bleed into the original perception - first you see or hear the news - bush was first TOLD about it, the he saw it. This causes conflict since he received the info first hand.
32
3) crash 1 VS crash 2:
He was told about the first crash, then he saw the second crash. - there is a salient visual image for the second crash BUT NOT FOR THE FIRST CRASH. Therefore the second crash is more robust and memories of the first crash are fragile - scaffolding memory on the bade of available cues impacts the quality of that specific memory
33
4) event - time problem
Problems in reconstruction due to incorrect time stamping of memory - causing a change in memory for the event - wrong time stamp = remember event wrong (crash 1)
34
- scaffolding memory on the base of
available cues impacts the quality of that specific memory
35
What other kind of memory is time stamped and why?
Autobiographical memory because it has high episodic memory
36
_________ patterns of data for flashbulb and everyday memory, forgetting in evidence
Similar
37
The rates of consistent and inconsistent data for flash bulb memories VS everyday memories
The patterns are the same. - consistent data DECREASES over time - inconsistent data INCREASES over time
38
Pattern in belief of flashbulb memories VS everyday memories
- Belief in flashbulb memories INCREASES and remains stable over time - belief in everyday memories DECREASES
39
Pattern in sense of reliving for flashbulb memories VS everyday memories
- Sense of reliving in flash bulb memories remains stable over time - sense of reliving in everyday memories DECREASES
40
Pattern in vividness of flashbulb memories VS everyday memories
- Sense of Vividness in flashbulb memories remains constant | - sense of vividness in everyday memories DECREASES
41
Remember/know distinction
* know distinction (I have a feeling I remember it with a lil less detail) * Remember distinction (more explicit in recalling memory)
42
Pattern of remember/know distinction in flashbulb memories VS everyday memories
- flashbulb memories remains constant | - everyday memories DECREASES
43
Are flashbulb meories detailed?
NO
44
Are flashbulb memories resistant to decay?
NO
45
Flashbulb memories are NOT resistant to decay, They are not more detailed BUT they do
preserve the aspect of belief in the memory (which stays constant)
46
The quality of data when comparing flashbulb memories with everyday memories is severely determined by the
used methodology.
47
Do flashbulb memories contain more details then everyday memories?
* flashbulb memories DONT contain more details then everyday memories according to talarico, in terms of confidence of recall. * BUT! DAVIDSON found that flashbulb memories DO contain more details ! Under the right methodologyl
48
Are everyday memories more or less detailed then flashbulb?
They are no different in the level of detail recalled, in terms of the confidence of recall.
49
According to Davidson, flashbulb memories do involve
Significantly higher levels of detail relative to everyday memories
50
Scaffolding and holding cues for memory can
help the retrieval process, so there were differences in the ways these memories were scaffolded. Therefore differences in recalled detail.
51
Difference between talarico and Davison for flashbulb memories
Talarico: - ppl generates their OWN CUES for retrieval of everyday memory - increased recall for ED memories Davidson: - ppl were provided with cues for retrieval of everyday memories - decreased recalled for ED memories
52
According to Davidson, what facilitates encoding?
Emotion
53
Neiasser argues for
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
54
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis:
Proposes that ppl remember flashbulb memories because of repeated exposure to traumatic events.
55
Musical interlude
When tow songs sounds exactly the same unintentionally
56
What causes the musical interlude?
Cyrptoamnesia and source monitoring error
57
Source monitoring error
An error or mistake in the origins of a memory
58
Cryptoamnesia
Unconscious plagiarism
59
Repeated reproduction
- Repeatedly retelling the same story causes for it to go further away from the reality of everyday life. - the more its rehearsed, the more increasingly schematic it becomes and more content is loses
60
Pragmatic inferences
We use pragmatic inferences and predictions that usually happen in our environment that provide embellished details for remembered memories - at encoding, snowman vanished - at retrieval, snowman meted
61
When are pragmatic inferences used?
During retrieval
62
Schemas
Common experiences about our environment | Like expecting books in an office
63
Scripts
Common procedures for certain events 9receiivng a menu E before paying
64
In the stop sign exp, ppl provided to consistent and inconstant results …
* provided with consistent info (yield sign), recall is around 80%. * Provided with inconsistent info (stop sign), recall is around 40%. The percentage correct decreases as a function of the retention interval = so it’s unlikely that the incorrect memory will revert back to the correct memory over time, in fact it just gets worse.
65
Loftus introduced
linguistic leading information
66
linguistic leading information
changes the original report of the memory in eye whiteness testimony.
67
misinformation effects can also influence the
false recall of other events, more likely as a result of the schema induced by the misleading information.
68
In a study by Loftus, she asked participants to do the following regarding childhood memories :
1) RATE LIKELIHOOD OF EVENTS 2) . A) IMAGINE THE EVENTS. 2B) OR NOT 3) RE-RATE LIKELIHOOD OF EVENTS - the act of imagination seemed to increase the perceived likelihood of those events taking place. Ppl would rate these events twice, and between the events they would or won’t imagine the false event.
69
The act of imagination seeems to
increase the perceived likelihood of those events taking place.
70
The act of imagination increases the perceived likelihood of those events taking place. WHY????
Source memory confusion
71
Source memory confusion
Familiarity is Misattributed to childhood
72
Car exp showed that
Misleading info influences future choices and recollection o memories
73
Are false memories easy to make?
Yes very easy
74
What is the correlation between confidence and accuracy?
Very very weak, 0.29
75
The encoding of memories that result in eye witness testimony usually take place under conditions of
extreme emotion. - Arousal tends to lead to a tightening of attention as opposed to the conditions under which you daydream- stop it! (Easterbrook, 1959).
76
Weapon bias
the presence of a weapon (a fired weapon more so) draws attention away from salient features of the shooter and towards the properties of the gun. - Another contribution to less-than-perfect memory.
77
Form ID peptrator and perp being present combos (4X)
Positive ID + present = HIT (correct ID) Positive ID + absent = False alarm (incorrect ID) Negative ID + present = MISS (ID failure) negative ID + absent = CORRECT REJECTION of all individuals
78
Criminal and non criminals in line up experiment
STAGE ONE Participants are presented with 10 ‘criminals’ with the intent to remember STAGE TWO 15 mugshots are then presented, 5 of which contain some of the ‘criminals’ but 10 are now new ``` STAGE THREE (1 WEEK LATER) Participants are asked to identify the criminals in line-ups ```
79
Criminal and non criminals in line up experiment Results
8% of novel non-criminals falsely accused 20% of mug-shot non-criminals falsely accused
80
IMPROVING LINE-UP IDENTIFICATION
1) Inform the witness that the perpetrator might not be in the line-up - reduces FALSE ALARMS 2) Fill the rest of the line-up with similar looking non-perpetrators, - reduces false ID 3) Line-ups must be done in sequential, NOT simultaneous order - reduces false ID 4) Integrate line-up results with cognitive interview - provides more info 5) Encourage but do not prompt information from the witness - don’t wanna influence details of memory 6) Caution the witness against guessing (implicit / recognition memory) - reduces false ID 7) avoid giving feedback to witness after the line up - confidence doesnt mean accurate 8) establish rapport with witness - emotional support and relationship with them forms
81
What influence eye witness testimony often
Schemas and scripts
82
What can influnce memory quality
Emotion
83
Memories become more and more
standardized (conforms) the more we retrieve them

Psych 258 (6 decks)

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