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biology gcse > topic 8 - exchange and transport > Flashcards

topic 8 - exchange and transport Flashcards

1
Q

how do you find surface area to volume ratio?

A

SA : V simplifies

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2
Q

what substances do we need to get rid of?

A

waste (e.g. urea), CO2, water to prevent cell lysis

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3
Q

how is urea removed from the body?

A

-via skin through sweat
-via kidneys in urine after having diffused from cells in the blood plasma for removal

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4
Q

how does exchange occur in single-celled organisms?

A

-gases + dissolved substances can dissolve into / out of cell across membrane
-large SA:V

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5
Q

where does gas exchange occur in mammals?

A

alveoli of lungs

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6
Q

how are alveoli’s adapted for their function?

A

-large SA
-good blood supply
-thin walls (1 cell thick) - short diffusion pathway
-in clusters

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7
Q

what are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion? (4)

A

surface area of membrane, concentration gradient, diffusion distance and temperature

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7
Q

how does the surface area of a membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

-larger it is - more space for particles to move - faster rate of diffusion

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8
Q

how does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

-bigger the difference, steeper the conc. - faster the rate of diffusion

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9
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

difference between 2 concentrations

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10
Q

how does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

-blood supply is in closer contact
-shorter/thinner it is = faster rate of diffusion

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11
Q

how does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

-higher the temp. - higher the Ke, therefore faster rate of diffusion

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12
Q

what is fick’s law:?

A

rate of diffusion ∝ SA x conc. difference / thickness of membrane

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13
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood?

A
  1. red blood cells
  2. white blood cells
  3. platelets
  4. plasma
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14
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

transport such as (Oxygen, Carbon dioxide etc.)

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15
Q

what are red blood cells (erythrocytes) role?

A

-rich in haemoglobin (iron-containing bio-molecule) - binds to oxygen
-develop in bone marrow
-circulate for 100-120 days - recycled by macrophages afterwards

16
Q

what is the reversible reaction for haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

haemoglobin + oxygen ⇌ oxyhaemoglobin

17
Q

how are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

-no nucleus
-small and flexible
-biconcave shape - maximise SA
-thin - short diffusion distance

18
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

19
Q

what are phagocytes?

A

white blood cells that engulf and destroy unwanted micro-organisms through phagocytosis
-produced in bone marrow
-lifespan of 4 - 15 days

20
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

-produced in bone marrow and thymus
-produces antibodies - bind and destroy pathogens, clump pathogens for phagocytosis, release chemical signals
-release antitoxins
-create memory cells

21
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments produced by giant cells in bone marrow

22
Q

how do platelets stop bleeding? (2 ways)

A
  1. proteins on their surface - enable them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel and clump
  2. secrete proteins - result in formation of a blood clot - plug a would (converts fibrinogen to fibrin)
23
Q

what is plasma and what is its role?

A

-straw-coloured substance
-carries blood cells around body and glucose, salts and waste

24
Q

what type of circulatory system for mammals have?

A

double circulatory

25
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

-blood flows in 2 circuits
1. pulmonary - heart to lungs
2. systemic - heart to rest of body

26
Q

what are the 3 main blood vessels?

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

27
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry blood AWAY from the heart (generally oxygenated - except pulmonary artery)

28
Q

how are arteries adapted?

A

-no valves
-small lumen, thick, muscularly walls - to withstand high pressure

29
Q

what do veins do?

A

carry blood IN TO the heart (usually deoxygenated - except pulmonary vein)

30
Q

how are veins adapted?

A

-have valves - prevent backflow
-thinner walls, large lumen
-under low pressure

31
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

carry deoxygenated AND oxygenated blood from arteries to veins (connect them) -

32
Q

how are capillaries adapted?

A

-no valves
-thinnest walls - 1 cell thick and very permeable
-large SA - due to tiny vessels in close contact
-under low pressure for slow exchange

33
Q

what muscle is the heart made of?

A

cardiac muscle

34
Q

what type of pump is the heart?

A

double pump
1st - pumped to lungs (right side - technically left in diagrams)
2nd - pumped to rest of body (left side - technically right in diagrams)

35
Q

how many chambers are in the heart and what are they?

A

right and left atriums, and right and left ventricles

36
Q

explain how blood enters and leaves the heart?

A

biology gcse (6 decks)

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