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Anatomy > Topic 9: CNS Tissue > Flashcards

Topic 9: CNS Tissue Flashcards

(90 cards)

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0
Q

Signals that are carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers of PNS to innervate muscles to contract/or glands to secrete

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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1
Q

Signals carried by nerve fibers of PNS to CNS (picked up by sensory receptors throughout the body)

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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2
Q

Basic organs/structures of the CNS

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Function of the peripheral nervous system

A

to link all regions of the body to the CNS via nerves

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4
Q

peripheral nerves that extend from the brain and carry signals to and from the brain

A

Cranial Nerves

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5
Q

peripheral nerves that extend from the spinal cord and carry signals to and from the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

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6
Q

clusters of neuronal cell bodies located outside of the CNS

A

ganglia

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7
Q

Basic components of the PNS

A
  • Cranial and Spinal nerves (peripheral nerves)

- ganglia

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8
Q

Excitatory cells, basic structural unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Function of neurons

A

conduct electrical impulses from one part of the body to another, rapid signals along the plasma membrane in the form of nerve impulses= action potentials

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10
Q

3 main characteristics of neurons

A
  • Extreme longevity
  • No mitotic division
  • High metabolic rate
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11
Q

components of a cell body

A
  • single nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • chromatophilic bodies
  • neurofibrils
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12
Q

location of cell bodies

A

in CNS, except for ganglia

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13
Q

Function of a dendrite

A

receptive site for receiving signals from other neurons and transmitting signals towards cell body

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14
Q

location where axons arise

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

relationship between axon diameter and resistance of electrical current

A

inverse; increased axon diameter= decreased electrical current resistance which results in a faster impulse

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16
Q

function of axon

A

impulse generator and conductor transmits impulses away from the cell body

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17
Q

structural support components of axons

A
  • neurofilaments
  • actin microfilaments
  • microtubules
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18
Q

axon branching developed at right angles

A

axon collaterals

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19
Q

where does axon branching occur?

A

terminal branches

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20
Q

Where do axons end?

A

axon terminals

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21
Q

classification of neuron with >2 processes, multiple dendrites (extending from cell body) and 1 axon

A

Multipolar

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22
Q

examples of multipolar nuerons?

A

Interneurons (mostly) & motor neurons

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23
Q

classification of neuron with 2 processes, fused dendrite and one axon extend from opposite sides of the cell body

A

Bipolar

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24
example of bipolar neurons?
specialty sensory organs (e.g. inner ear, olfactory epithelium of the nose, retina of the eye)
25
classification of neurons with one short single processes near cell body that divides into two branches (central= axon that extends to CNS) and (peripheral=dendrite that extends to periphery receptors)
Unipolar
26
example of unipolar neurons?
dorsal root ganglia (along spinal cord) and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
27
what structural classification are sensory neurons?
unipolar neurons
28
most abundant glial cell in the CNS
astrocytes
29
glial cells that wrap around thin axons (unmyelinated) in the CNS
astrocytes
30
glial cells with radiating processes with bulbous endings cling to neurons and/or capillaries
astrocytes
31
glial cells that extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy in the CNS
astrocytes
32
glial cells whose functions are sensing the release of NTs, regulating levels of NTS by increasing uptake, signal increased blood flow in capillaries in active regions of the brain, take up and release ions, develop neural tissue to form synapses tissue to form synapses, produce BDFT (neutral development), progagate calcium signals for memory
astrocytes
33
glial cells in CNS that wrap around thicker axons
oligodendrocytes
34
glial cells in CNS that produce myelin sheaths
oligodendrocytes
35
smallest and least abundant glial cells in the CNS
microglial
36
glial cells in CNS with elongated cell bodies and processes with pointy projections
microglial
37
glial cells in CNS with phagocytes and are monocyte derived
microglial
38
glial cells in CNS that support the maturation of synaptic clefts
microglial
39
glial cells in CNS that are single epithelium that line central cavity of the brain and spinal cord
ependymal
40
glial cells in CNS that form a permeable layer btw CSF and tissue fluid to bathe cells and have cilia to circulate CSF
ependymal
41
disorder of the immune system attacking the myelin around axons in the CNS, woman are affected more, but develops quicker and more devastating in men
multiple sclerosis
42
function of myelin sheath
insulating layer that prevents leakage of electrical current, and increases speed of impulse connection
43
glial cells in PNS that surround cell bodies within ganglia
satellite cells
44
glial cells in CNS that surround axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths arround thick akons in concentric layers and contain neurilemma and nodes of ranvier
schwann cells
45
outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells external to myelin sheath cells
neurilemma (sheath of schwann)
46
gaps along the axon btw adjacent Schwann cells
Node of Ranvier
47
which type of axon conduces impulses more slowly?
thin axons
48
most common locations of thin axons
autonomic nervous system, sensory fibers
49
membrane bound sacs that contain NTs
synaptic vesicles
50
function of increased mitocondria in axon terminal?
provides energy for the secretion of NTs
51
cable like structures in the PNS that consist of numerous parallel axons wrapped around in connective tissue
Nerves
52
what are the main structures in a nerve?
- schwann cells - endoneurium - nerve fascicles - epineurium - blood vessels
53
layer of connective tissue covering schwann cells in a nerve
Endoneurium
54
groups of axons bundled by a perineurium in a nerve
nerve fascicles
55
tough, fibrous sheath surroundin nerves
epineurium
56
location of gray matter
hollow central cavities of the CNS
57
what is gray matter composed of?
- clusters of neuron cell bodies - dendrites - short unmyelinated axon of interneurons - neuroglia cells
58
what does the dorsal half of gray matter contain?
cell bodies of interneurons
59
what does the ventral half of gray matter contain
cell bodies of motorneurons
60
what gives white matter its color?
myelin
61
what is white matter composed of?
bundles of myelinated axons
62
2 main differences btw white and gray matter
- gray matter has neural cell bodies and white matter lacks them - gray matter predominately unmyelinated and white matter has mostly myelianated axons
63
function of gray matter interneurons
- process and receive sensory information - direct information to specific CNS regions and or to cell bodies of motor neurons in ventral spine - initiate appropriate motor response
64
function of white matter interneurons
transport information (sensory and motor) from one area of the CNS to another
65
simple chains of neurons
reflex arcs
66
rapid voluntary automatic motor response to stimuli
reflex
67
two types of reflexes
- somatic (skeletal muscle) | - visceral (smooth muscle, cardiac and glands)
68
component of a reflex arc that is the terminal end of sensory nerve and where the stimulus acts
receptor
69
component of a reflex arc that transmits afferent impulse to CNS
sensory neuron
70
component of a reflex arc in which one or more synapses in gray matter (CNS) and is monosynaptic
integration center
71
component of a reflex arc that conducts efferent impulses to an effector
motor neuron
72
component of a reflex arc that is a muscle or gland that responds to efferent impulses by contraction or secretion
effector
73
order of the reflex arc
- receptor - sensory neuron - integration center - motor neuron - effector
74
reflex composed of one sensory neuron + motor neuron + synapse (no interneuron) and is fast
monosynaptic reflex
75
example of a monosynaptic reflex?
stretch reflexes--knee jerk
76
function of knee jerk reflex?
helps maintain equalibrium and upright posture
77
reflex composed of one or more interneurons part pathway between sensory neurons and motor neurons
polysynaptic relfex
78
example of a simple polysynaptic reflex?
withdrawal reflex
79
how many interneurons, synapses and neurons does the withdrawal reflex have?
- 1 interneuron - 2 synapses - 3 neurons
80
neural circuit in which one presynaptic neuron synapses with multiple other neurons
Diverging Circuit
81
neural circuit in which neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron and a single motor neuron may receive both excitatory and inhibitory messages
Converging circuit
82
neural circuit in which one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit
Reverberating circuit
83
examples of what circuit are motor neurons that innervate the stretch muscles and stimulate contraction, interneurons that inhibit the activity of the antagonistic muscle groups, and interneurons that project sensory information to the brain
Diverging circuit
84
example of reverberating circuits?
rhythmic activities e.g. breathing
85
input processing in which neurons pass a signal to a specific destination in sequence along a single pathway from one neuron to the next
serial processing
86
examples of serial processing
- reflex arcs | - long chain of interneurons carrying a sensory signal to the brain
87
path of the withdrawal reflex
- nerve impulse travel to spinal white matter - extends as a ascending pathway to brain - integration in gray matter - voluntary motor response
88
input processing in which single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions, single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways, sense multiple perceptions at once
parallel processing
89
example of parallel processing
withdrawal reflex

Anatomy (4 decks)

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