Topic 9: Plant diversity II

Question 1

What plants are better adapted for terrestrial life?

Answer 1

seed plants

Question 2

Describe the reduced gametophyte life

Answer 2

microscopic
develop inside cones/flowers
dependent on sporophyte
protects gametophyte from environment
ensures nutrients for gametophyte

Question 3

Define heterospory

Answer 3

production of 2 different types of spores

Question 4

A megaspore grows into …

Answer 4

megagametophyte (female)

Question 5

A microspore grows into …

Answer 5

microgametophyte (male)

Question 6

Define ovule

Answer 6

megaspore + megasporangium + integuments

Question 7

Define integuments. What does it form?

Answer 7

protective sporophyte tissue around megasporangium, form seed coat

Question 8

Define pollen grain

Answer 8

male gametophyte within pollen wall (with sporopollenin)

Question 9

Where does pollen grain develop from?

Answer 9

microspore

Question 10

How many cells does a male gametophyte have?

Answer 10

2 cells

Question 11

What are the two types of cells that male gametophyte makes? What do each of them produce?

Answer 11

Tube cell: produces pollen tube

Generative cell: produces sperm

Question 12

Define pollenation

Answer 12

transfer of pollen to part of plant containing ovules

Question 13

How does pollination happen in seed plants?

Answer 13

by wind or animals

NOT fertilization

Question 14

What is the significance of pollination?

Answer 14

sperm dispersal isn’t water dependent so plants can be colonized in dry habitats

Question 15

Where is the sporangia located?

Answer 15

within cone “scales”

Question 16

Where is the megasporangia located?

Answer 16

on ovulate cones

Question 17

Where is the microsporangia located?

Answer 17

on pollen cones

Question 18

Where is the microsporangia located?

Answer 18

on pollen cones

Question 19

ovule becomes what?

Answer 19

a seed

Question 20

What does a seed consist of?

Answer 20

embryo, food supply, seed coat

Question 21

What is the ploidy of the integument?

Answer 21

2n

Question 22

What is the ploidy of the food supply?

Answer 22

n

Question 23

What is the ploidy of the zygote and new sporophyte generation?

Answer 23

2n

Question 24

What were the earliest seed plants?

Answer 24

gymnosperms

Question 25

Are gymnosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?

Answer 25

sporophyte

Question 26

What does it mean to be sporophyte dominant?

Answer 26

it has reduced, dependent gametophytes

Question 27

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

Answer 27

"vessel seeds" | flowering, fruiting plants

Question 28

Define flowers

Answer 28

structures specialized for sexual reproduction

Question 29

How are angiosperms pollinated?

Answer 29

mostly animal | some by wind

Question 30

How are fruits made?

Answer 30

the ovary wall thickens, matures into fruit as seed develops

Question 31

What are some characteristics of fruit?

Answer 31

``` protects seeds facilitates dispersal (animals eat and seed travels far) ```

Question 32

How do angiosperms differ from gametophytes?

Answer 32

they have flowers double fertilization - the egg cell and central cell are fertilized they have 7 cells with 8 haploid nuclei

Question 33

Where are the microsporocytes located?

Answer 33

within the microsporangia which is in the anther in the flower

Question 34

What does the tube cell and generative cell do?

Answer 34

tube cell - forms pollen tube | generative cell - divides via mitosis to produce 2 sperm

Question 35

Where does pollen come from and where does it travel to?

Answer 35

released from the stamen and carried to carpel

Question 36

Where does the pollen tube enter through?

Answer 36

microphyle: pore in integument | 2 sperm cells enter female gametophyte

Question 37

What is the endosperm and what is its ploidy?

Answer 37

the food supply for the developing embryo | 3n

Question 38

What does the ovary produce? What does the ovule produce?

Answer 38

ovary -> fruit | ovule -> seed

Question 39

Are angiosperms hetero or homosporous?

Answer 39

heterosporous