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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

(166 cards)

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1
Q

In the flame test, what flame does lithium give?

A

Red

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2
Q

In the flame test, what flame does calcium give?

A

Orange-red

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3
Q

In the flame test, what flame does sodium give?

A

Yellow

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4
Q

In the flame test, what flame does potassium give?

A

Lilac

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5
Q

In the flame test, what flame does copper give?

A

Blue-green

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6
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the red flame?

A

Lithium

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7
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the orange-red flame?

A

Calcium

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8
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the yellow flame?

A

Sodium

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9
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the blue flame?

A

Copper

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10
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the purple colour?

A

Potassium

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11
Q

How do you carry out a flame test?

A

Clean a wire loop with hydrochloric acid and then rinse it with distilled water
Then dip the loop into a sample of a metal compound and put it into a bunsen and record the colour

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12
Q

What do metal ions form with sodium hydroxide?

A

A coloured precipitate

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13
Q

What are metal ions mixed with to form a coloured precipitate?

A

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

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14
Q

How do you test metals for coloured precipitates?

A

Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide

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15
Q

What colour preciptate is formed when aluminium is added?

A

White

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16
Q

When NaOH is in excess, what precipitate is formed when added to aluminium?

A

Colourless

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17
Q

Why does NaOH is in excess and aluminium form the colourless solution?

A

Because the aluminum hydroxide is redissolved

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18
Q

What colour is formed when calcium is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

White

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19
Q

What metal forms white when it’s added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Aluminium or Calcium

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20
Q

What colour is formed when copper is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Blue

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21
Q

What metal forms blue when added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Copper

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22
Q

What colour is formed when iron(ii) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Green

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23
Q

What metal forms green when added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Iron(ii)

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24
Q

What colour is formed when iron(iii) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Brown

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25
What metal forms brown when added to sodium hydroxide?
Iron(iii)
26
What does adding sodium hydroxide to ammonium ions produce?
Ammonia
27
How do you tell if a substance contains ammonium ions?
By adding sodium hydroxide
28
How do you test for ammonia gas?
By holding a piece of damp red litmus paper over it and if ammonia is present the litmus paper will turn blue
29
How do you test for ammonia gas?
By holding a piece of damp red litmus paper over it and if ammonia is present the litmus paper will turn blue
30
A compound is heated in a flame A lilac flame is produced What does this show?
The compound contains potassium
31
A few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to an unknown solution A brown precipitate forms What does this tell you about the solution?
The solution is iron(iii)
32
How do you test for halide ions?
By adding silver nitrate
33
What precipitate does chloride give?
White
34
What halide ion gives a white precipitate?
Chloride
35
What precipitate does bromide give?
Cream
36
What halide ion gives a cream precipitate?
Bromide
37
What precipitate does iodide give?
Yellow
38
What halide ion gives a yellow precipitate?
Iodide
39
How do you test for carbonates?
By adding dilute acid
40
What is the positive result of the carbonate result?
Fizzing (carbon dioxide gas)
41
What is the equation for a positive result of the carbonate test?
Carbonate Ions + Acid -> Carbon Dioxide + Water | CO3^2- + 2H+ -> CO2 + H2O
42
What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?
Bubbling the gas through limewater, if carbon dioxide is present, the limewater will turn milky
43
How do you test for sulfate ions?
By adding dilute HCL and then adding barium chloride, and if sulfate ions are present a white precipitate of barium sulfate will form
44
What is the equation for a positive result of the sulfate ion test?
Barium Ions + Sulfate Ions -> Barium Sulfate | Ba^2+ + SO4^2- -> BaSO4
45
When testing for sulfate ions, why is dilute HCL added?
To stop any precipitation reactions not involving sulfate ions from taking place
46
A chemist adds some dilute nitric acid to X, followed by some silver nitrate solution A yellow precipitate forms What does this tell the chemist about X?
It contains iodide
47
What type of method is flame photometry?
An instrumental method
48
What does flame photometry allow you do to?
Identify ions in a dilute solution
49
What does the intensity of a measured wavelength mean in flame photometry?
The higher the concentration of that ion in solution
50
How do you use the calibration curve to work out the concentration of ions in a sample?
Find the intensity on the y-axis Travel along horizontally from this point until you reach the curve Draw a straight line down to the x-axis and read off concentration
51
Why is flame photometry more useful than flame tests?
Because it can be used to identify different ions in mixtures
52
What are the advantages of using instrumental analysis (machines) to analyse unknown substances?
They're very sensitive They're very fast They can be automatic They're very accurate (don't involve human error)
53
Give two advantages of using flame photometry rather than using flame tests to identify ions?
``` Any two from: Machines are very sensitive Machines are very fast Machines are very accurate Flame photometry can be used to identify the metal ions in mixtures ```
54
What are alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons
55
What is the alkane general formula?
C nH 2n +2
56
What does saturated mean?
All the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can
57
What is a function group?
A group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts
58
What is the function group of alkenes?
The C=C double bond
59
What is alkene general formula?
C nH 2n
60
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in alkenes?
1 carbon to 2 hydrogen
61
What does unsaturated mean?
Not all the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can
62
What do you add to test for alkene?
Bromine water
63
How do you do test for alkenes?
By shaking it with bromine and it decolourising
64
Why does the alkene test work?
Because the alkene loses the double bond and the bromine is added to it
65
Whats the colour change for the bromine water test?
Orange to colourless if alkene is present
66
What happens to hydrocarbons in combustion reactions?
They're oxidised
67
What are addition polymers made from?
Unsaturated monomers
68
What do the monomers that make up addition polymers have?
A double covalent bond
69
What is addition polymerisation?
Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules opening up their double bonds and joining together to form polymer chains
70
What is it when lots of unsaturated monomers open up their double bond and join together?
Addition polymerisation
71
When Ethene undergoes addition polymerisation what does it turn into?
poly(ethene)
72
What are the properties of poly(ethene)
Flexible Electrical insulator Cheap
73
What are the uses of poly(ethene)
Plastic bags Bottles Wire insulation
74
What are the properties of poly(propene)
Flexible Strong Tough Mouldable
75
What are the uses of poly(propene)
Crates Furniture Ropes
76
What are the properties of poly(chloroethene)
Tough | Cheap
77
What are the uses of poly(chloroethene)
Window frames | Water pipes
78
What are the properties of poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Unreactive Tough Non-stick
79
What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Non-stick pans | Waterproof
80
Give examples of addition polymers
poly(tetrafluoroethene) [PTFE] poly(chloroethene) [PVC] poly(ethene) poly(propene)
81
What does condensation polymerisation usually involve?
Two different types of monomer
82
What happens in condensation polymerisation?
Two types of monomer react together and form bonds making polymer chains losing a small molecule
83
What does each monomer have to contain?
Atleast two functional groups
84
What is formed when the two functional groups bond?
A small molecule
85
When do polyesters form?
When dicarboxylic acid monomers react with diol monomers
86
What do the dicarboxylic acid monomers contain?
Two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)
87
What do the diol monomers contain?
Two alcohol groups (-OH)
88
What is formed when a polyester is formed?
Water
89
Give examples of naturally occuring polymers
DNA Proteins Starch
90
Give examples of naturally occuring monomers
Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbohydrates
91
Name the two types of monomer that react together to form polyesters?
Diol and dicarboxylic acid
92
How is the molecule of water formed when polyesters are made?
By the formation of an ester link
93
What are plastics made from?
Crude oil
94
What do we use crude oil for?
Plastics Fuel Heating
95
What are the cons of landfill
Loss of land | Non-biodegradable
96
What are the cons of burning waste
Toxic gases can be released | Carbon dioxide is released
97
What are the pros of burning waste?
Releases energy which can be used to generate electricity
98
What are the pros of recyling polymers?
``` Reduces landfill Reduces emissions of GHG Less water and energy resources used Reduces crude oil use Saves money and creates job ```
99
What are the cons of recycling
Polymers must be separated before Quality is reduced Can be recycled a finite number of times Melting can cause dangerous gases in the atmosphere
100
What is the function group for alcohols?
-OH
101
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH(2n+1)OH
102
How do you remember the order of alkanes/alkenes/alcohols?
My Enormous Penguin Bounces Pretty High, Helping Old No-named Donkeys
103
What happens if you heat a mixture of alcohol and an acid catalyst?
An alkene and water are formed
104
What is a dehydration reaction?
The forming of an alkene and water from the heating of an alcohol and an acid catalyst
105
Why is it a dehydration reaction?
Because water is lost
106
How can alcohols be oxidised?
By using an oxidising agent
107
What happens to alcohol when its oxidised?
It forms carboxylic acids
108
What are the properties of carboxylic acids?
React like other acids | In solution they partially ionise and release H ions which make the solution weakly acidic
109
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
C(n-1)H(2n-1)COOH
110
Whats the function group for a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
111
What does methanol make when its oxidised?
Methanoic acid
112
What does ethanol make when its oxidised?
Ethanoic acid
113
An alcohol has the formula CH3OH | What is the name of this alcohol?
Methanol
114
A chemist reacts an oxidising agent with an unknown alcohol and forms propanoic acid Name the alcohol that the chemist started with
Propanol
115
What is the production of ethanol?
Fermentation
116
What is the fermentation equation?
C6H1206 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
117
How do you make a solution of ethanol?
Mix yeast and carbs and seal the container Keep the mixture between 30*C and 40*C and in anaerobic conditions Alcohol will kill the yeast and cause the yeast to fall to the bottom
118
How can you make ethanol?
By fermentation
119
How can alcohol be oxidised?
By burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion) Through the reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid By heating with potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid
120
Compare the boiling point of ethanol to water
The boiling point of water is higher than ethanol
121
What is a liebig condenser?
A condenser used to condense vapour
122
Name the type of molecule which is converted to ethanol by fermentation
Glucose (carbohydrate)
123
Explain why a temperature between 30*C and 40*C is used in the fermentation process?
Fermentation is fastest between 30*C and 40*C | Temperatures too high will denature the enzymes involved
124
What is the purpose of fractional distillation during the manufacture of ethanol?
To produce a solution of ethanol higher than 20%
125
What makes a substance a fuel or not?
If it releases energy when burnt
126
How do you compare how good a fuel is?
Weigh the burner Measure some water into a copper calorimeter and insulate it using a draught excluder then cover with an insulating lid Take the inital temperature and then heat the water until the temperature rises by 20*C Reweigh the burner and compare the mass, the lower the mass change the more efficient the fuel
127
What must be kept the same when comparing the efficiency of fuels?
Mass/volume of water Height of the container above the heater Length of the wick Number of moles of alcohol
128
How does the length of a hydrocarbon affect it's effiency?
The longer the carbon chain, the more efficient the fuel
129
1.92 g of X raised the temperature by 25*C 1.46 g of Y raised the temperature by 25*C Which is the most efficient and why?
Y as less amount of it heated the same amount of water
130
What is the range of size of a nano particle?
1-100 nanometers
131
How many particles are in a nanoparticle?
A few hundred atoms
132
What happens to a SA:V as an object decreases?
It's SA:V ratio increases
133
What gives the nanoparticles it's distinctive properties?
It's greater SA:V
134
What is the surface area to volume ratio equation?|
Surface Area / Volume = Surface Area : Volume
135
What are the uses of nanoparticles?
``` Catalysts Lubricant coating Tiny electrical circuits Antibacteria materials Sun creams Stronger plastics ```
136
What are the properties of nanoparticles?
A high SA:V Conductive Strong and durable Low density
137
What are some risks with using nanoparticles?
They don't break down easily meaning they could build up in cells They could cause lung inflammmation if they're breathed in
138
Give three examples of uses of nanoparticles?
``` Any three from: Catalysts Lubricant coating Tiny electrical circuits Antibacteria materials Sun creams Stronger plastics ```
139
What are the properties and uses of high density poly(ethene)
Strong and rigid | Water pipes
140
What are the properties and uses of low density poly(ethene)
Light and stretchy | Plastic bags
141
What is clay like when dug up?
Soft
142
How do you make clay hard?
By heating it
143
What are the properties of glass?
Transparent Strong Mouldable Brittle when thin
144
What are composites?
One material (the reinforcement) embedded in another (the matrix/binder)
145
What are the properties of metals?
Conductive High density Malleable
146
Name two composite materials
Fibreglass | Concrete
147
What are the properties of polymers?
``` They're adaptable (flexible and can be easily moulded) Cheaper Less dense Thermal and electrical insulators Degradable ```
148
What is the main disadvantage of using composites?
Decently expensive to make
149
What colour flame is produced when calcium is heated?
Orange-redd
150
What gas will turn damp red litmus paper blue?
Ammonia
151
Describe how you could test for sulfate ions?
Add dilute HCL Add barium chloride White precipitate will form if sulfate ions present
152
Name the alkene that contains six hydrogen atoms?
Propene
153
Outline how you could test for an alkene?
Add bromine water | If turns colourless, alkene present
154
Name the products formed when an alkane was burned in a good supply of oxygen?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
155
What functional group does a monomer need to form addition polymers?
C=C
156
List three properties of poly(ethene)
Flexible Electrical insulator Cheap
157
Give a disadvantage of disposing polymers in landfills
Any one from: Takes up land Most polymers are non-biodegradable meaning it will stay there
158
Why do polymers need to be seperated and sorted before they are recycled?
Because if they are mixed together, the quality of the final recycled polymer product could be reduced
159
What is the chemical formula for butanol?
C4H9OH
160
Name the product formed when ethanol is oxidised?
Ethanoic Acid
161
Name the carboxylic acid with the formula C2H5COOH
Propanoic Acid
162
Explain why it is important to insulate the copper calorimeter when carrying out an experiment comparing the effiency of fuels?
Energy may be lost if not insulating meaning the it may take longer for the water to rise by x*C leading to more mass being used therefore the results will be unreliable
163
Which fuel is more efficient - methanol or propanol?
Propanol
164
Why are nanoparticles good for making sunscreens?
They provide better protection but don't leave white marks
165
Name a type of material that is a good conductor
Metals
166
State two typical properties of ceramics?
Brittle | Stiff

Chemistry GCSE (9 decks)

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