Topic A1 Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Enzyme catalysed reactions in organism that convert food to energy

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2
Q

Electronegativity influenced by

A

Number of orbital levels in an atom

Number of protons in the nucleus

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3
Q

What type of molecule is water

A

Water is a polar molecule, as oxygen has a greater electronegativity and pull for the electrons than the hydrogen

Oxygen negative pole, hydrogen positive pole

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4
Q

What intramolecular and intermolecular forces does a hydrogen molecule display

A

Intramolecular= Polar covalent bonding in the molecule, strong forces

Intermolecular = Hydrogen bonding, however charges are partial, bond breaks and reforms rapidly

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

When ‘like’ molecules are mutually attracted, pulls water molecules together

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6
Q

Water is essential because

A

It is the medium for metabolic reactions

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7
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction between water and other materials

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8
Q

Capillary action

A

Ability of a liquid to move through narrow tubes the results from cohesion, adhesion and surface tension, occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion

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9
Q

Meniscus

A

A curve in water, showing how capillary action has greater amounts of adhesion, allowing people to read cylinders more effectively

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10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Usually non-polar or not soluble in water

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11
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar and soluble in water

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12
Q

Viscosity

A

Energy needed to change shape of a liquid

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13
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

Transfer of energy between the molecules due to the impact of heat

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14
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance

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15
Q

Properties of water

A

High specific heat capacity

High thermal conductivity

Low viscosity

High density allows buoyancy

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16
Q

Adaptations of animals to water

A

Hydrodynamic shape

flippers

low-density blubber

oiled hydrophobic feathers

17
Q

Goldilocks zone

A

Orbital distance from a star resulting in liquid water

18
Q

What made water stay on earth

A

Gravity leading to retention of water, and moderate temperatures

19
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Chains of repeating monomers called nucleotides.

20
Q

Polymerisation

A

Process in which nucleotides come together to form a nucleic acid

21
Q

Purines

A

Nitrogenous bases with two ringed structure, adenine and guanine

22
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogenous bases with one ringed structure, thymine, uracil and cytosine

23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaking down

24
Q

What is released in joining of two nucleotides

A

one molecule of water, after 5 end and 3 end bind

25
Compare RNA to DNA nucleotide
RNA replaces thymine with uracil DNA has thymine RNA is single stranded DNA double stranded with hydrogen bonding RNA= ribose sugar DNA= deoxyribose sugar
26
What does complementarity ensure
That the same protein is produced every time the gene is expressed
27
Replication
Copying of DNA to create a new DNA molecule
28
Transcription
Process in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA
29
Translation
Transcribed DNA translated by ribosomes to produce proteins
30
Function of Nucleosomes
Helps condense and package DNA in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
31
Structure of Nucleosomes
8 Balls of histones in a structure kept together linker DNA coiling them together, attached to a H1 Histone
32
Conclusions of Hershey and chase data
DNA has a double helix structure, complementary bases will be equal, DNA was genetic material of cells, as it was injected into the cells via phosphorus, whereas proteins did not have impact on genetic material and stayed outside of the cell via sulfur being used