Topic B

Question 1

what makes up matter?
what makes up energy?

Answer 1

matter is made up of mass and volume—->atoms
energy is made up of work and force—->temperature

Question 2

what are the properties of life?

Answer 2

metabolism
growth
response
control
structural similarities

Question 3

what is mass?

Answer 3

amount of matter in a given object
does not change wherever the object is

Question 4

all matter has?

Answer 4

energy

Question 5

what is matter composed of?
what is isolated (pure)?
what is combined/mixed?

Answer 5

-composed of elements
-isolated: cannot be broken down to simple things=pure (one type of atom)
-combined/mixed: can be broken down=mixtures/compounds

Question 6

kinetic vs potential energy

Answer 6

kinetic: energy of motion
potential: stored energy an object has due to its position/composition —> chemical energy

Question 7

the atom is the?

Answer 7

smallest particle of matter and the basic building block of elements

Question 8

more protons mean?

Answer 8

bigger size the atom

Question 9

how is the periodic table arranged?

Answer 9

by type (element), increasing size, and by properties

Question 10

what is radioactivity?

Answer 10

the unstable energy emitted by isotopes and can be detected and measured by x-ray film and Geiger counters

Question 11

what is a chemical reaction?

Answer 11

atoms combined and rearranged with each other to form new combinations and this always involved a change in energy

Question 12

type of chemical reactions

Answer 12

acid-base
hydrolysis
dehydration
oxidation-reduction
phosphorylation
transfer

Question 13

what are chemical bonds?

Answer 13

force that combine atoms and keep them together
formed to try to stabilize an atom’s valance electrons

Question 14

molecular vs structural

Answer 14

molecular: tells how many are bonded
structural: drawing of how many

Question 15

ionic vs covalent vs hydrogen

Answer 15

ionic: transfer of electrons (intermolecular)
covalent: sharing of electrons (intermolecular)
hydrogen: hold molecule together by intramolecular

Question 16

ionic bonds:
-in solutions they may?
-what are electrolytes?

Answer 16

-may dissociate
-electrolytes are ionic compounds that dissociate in water and are able to conduct electricity

Question 17

what are the types of ionic compounds and what do they release?

Answer 17

acids: release H+ when mixed with water
bases: release OH- when mixed with water
salts: no release, just disassociate and often the product of an acid and base

Question 18

what is pH?
what is buffers?

Answer 18

pH is the calculation of the concentration of H+ in a solution and represents how acidic or basic the solution is
buffers are substances or mixtures of chemicals that keep the pH from changing in experiments or biological systems

Question 19

what is the buffer in blood?

Answer 19

carbonic acid H2CO3

Question 20

covalent bonds:
-are these bonds weak or strong?

Answer 20

they are strong and do not dissociate in water

Question 21

hydrogen bonds:
-what are they?
-what do they do to molecules?
-are they strong or weak?

Answer 21

-additional bonds formed when partial neg/pos charges exist on the atoms making a bond
-hydrogen bonds hold molecules together
-they are very weak –> b.p of water is so high compared to other compounds

Question 22

intra vs intermolecular

Answer 22

intramolecular: within a molecule (ionic and covalent)
intermolecular: amongst molecules (H-bonds)

Question 23

what can carbon do?

Answer 23

covalent bonds, interact with other atoms to form chains, equally powered and distribute electrons

Question 24

other biological elements and their function and electrons:

Answer 24

(SPONCH) and (HONCPS) for electrons
-sulfur: proteins, 6e
-phosphorus: DNA and RNA 5e
-oxygen: carbohydrates, oxygen, fats, protein, DNA, RNA 2e
-nitrogen: protein, DNA & RNA, 3e
-carbon: everything, 4e
-hydrogen: everything, 1e

Question 25

function groups and their structure:

Answer 25

alcohol: OH
methy: CH3
amino: NH2
COOH
phosphate: PO4^-2
carbonyl: ketone (C=O) & aldehyde (CHO)
ester: COO

Question 26

monomers vs polymers

Answer 26

monomers are the basic unit
polymers are the entire complex together

Question 27

how to form a polymer?

Answer 27

through dehydration synthesis which is the loss of water to build polymer

Question 28

how to form a monomer? (breakdown of polymer)

Answer 28

through hydrolysis which is the use of water to break down polymer

Question 29

what are the types of macromolecules

Answer 29

carbohydrates
lipids
polypeptides and proteins
nucleic acids

Question 30

carbohydrates:
structure?
formula?
monomer vs polymer?
functions?

Answer 30

-structure has lots of OH on it and can form rings
-(CH2O)n
-monomer= monosaccharide & polymer=polysaccharide
-energy storage (starch or glycogen)
-protein modification: proteins need sugar on them
-heredity (DNA & RNA)

Question 31

lipids:
what are they? do they dissolved easily?
very little of?
three types are?

Answer 31

-they are large C-chains and don’t dissolve easily in charged solvents like water
-very little O2
-triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

Question 32

triglycerides:
-basic unit?
-what makes up a triglyceride overall?
-fatty acid? what are two kinds?
-function?

Answer 32

-glycerol
-saturated and unsaturated attached to glycerol
-fatty acid is a long chain of carbon that contains COOH. saturated and unsaturated
-cushioning effect: absorb shock
-retaining heat/insulation
-energy storage

Question 33

saturated vs unsaturated
-examples and meaning

Answer 33

-saturated has no double bonds, more H
ex: butter
-unsaturated has double bonds, less H
ex: oil

Question 34

phospholipids:
-structure?
-function?

Answer 34

-triglyceride with a phosphate group attached to glycerol at C3
-formation of cell membranes (major component of cell)
-emulsification/separate of lipids

Question 35

sterols:
-structure?
-function? and their examples

Answer 35

-lipids with fused rings
-cholesterol: cell membranes
-bile acids: emulsify lipids in digestion
-sex hormones: progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol

Question 36

proteins:
-functions?
-monomer?
-polymer?
-what defines its function?

Answer 36

-enzymes, carriers, shape, support, motility, messengers, antibodies
-monomer: amino acid
-polymer: polypeptide/protein
-structure defines function

Question 37

what are nucleic acids?
-structure?
-polymer of nuclei acids?
-function?
-three types of RNA?

Answer 37

carries of genetic information of RNA & DNA
-5 riboses (simple saccharide), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
-carries the coding sequence for life
-chromosomes
-tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

Question 38

what are amino acids?
-draw it
-how many amino acids do we have?

Answer 38

they are the monomers of proteins and contain short C-skeleton, amino group, COOH, R-group
-20

Question 39

what’s denaturation?

Answer 39

if structure of a protein is lost, function is lost