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Chemistry Paper 2 > Topic C9 > Flashcards

Topic C9 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What did the early atmosphere contain?

A

Mainly carbon dioxide and virtually no oxygen gas

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2
Q

What planets are similar to the early atmosphere we had?

A

Mars and Venus

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3
Q

What does intense volcanic activity cause?

A

Cause volcanoes to release gases

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4
Q

How are oceans formed through absorption?

A

Water vapour (H2O) condensed to form oceans.

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5
Q

How are CRUDE OIL and NATURAL GASES formed?

A

Formed from compressed plankton deposits.

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6
Q

How is COAL formed?

A

Formed from compressed thick plant deposits.

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7
Q

How is LIMESTOME formed?

A

Formed from compressed calcium carbonate deposits from shells and marine skeletons.

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8
Q

How is carbon dioxide absorbed through oceans?

A

CO2 absorbed for photosynthesis

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9
Q

2 examples of sedimentary rocks

A

LIMESTONE and COAL

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10
Q

When did Algae evolve?

A

2.7 billion years ago

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11
Q

When did plants evolve?

A

Over the next billion years after ALGAE.

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12
Q

How do Algae and Plants produce oxygen?

A

Through photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O)

light
~~~>

Glucose (C6,H12,O6) + Oxygen (6O2)

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14
Q

What caused animals to evolve?

A

The increase in atmospheric oxygen.

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15
Q

How much Oxygen is in the atmosphere today?

A

21%

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16
Q

How much Nitrogen is in the atmosphere today?

A

78%

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17
Q

How much H20 vapour, Noble Gases, and CO2 in the atmosphere today

A

1%

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18
Q

Examples of GREENHOUSE GASES?

A

1) Carbon Dioxide
2) Methane
3) Water Vapour

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19
Q

What is GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

A

When greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb long wavelength radiation and re-radiate it in all directions. Including back towards Earth, helping to keep it warm.

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20
Q

Human activities that increase carbon dioxide and methane?

A

1) Deforestation - Less CO2 removed through photosynthesis
2) Burning Fossil Fuels - Releases CO2
3) Farm Animals - Produce methane
4) Decomposition - Of landfill and animal waste, produces CO2 and methane

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21
Q

Four consequences of CLIMATE CHANGE

A

1) FLOODING AND EROSION in coastal areas due to the melting of ice causing sea level to rise
2) MORE FREQUENT AND SEVERE STORMS
3) DIFFICULTY PRODUCING FOOD in certain areas if temperature and rainfall patterns change
4) CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION of some wild species if habitats change

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22
Q

Carbon Footprint definition

A

How much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released over somethings full life cycle

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23
Q

How do you reduce CARBON FOOTPRINT?

A

By reducing carbon dioxide and methane emissions.

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24
Q

What does combustion of fossil fuels do?

A

Releases gases and particles which pollute the air

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25
Why is carbon monoxide hard to detect?
Because it has no colour or smell
26
4 pollutants of combustion
1) Carbon monoxide 2) Carbon particulates 3) Sulfur dioxide 4) Oxides of nitrogen
27
How is carbon monoxide and carbon particulates formed?
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel e.g Coal
28
How is sulfur dioxide formed?
Oxidisation of sulfur impurities in fossil fuels during combustion
29
How are oxides of nitrogen formed?
Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air caused by the heat of burning fuels. e.g IN CAR ENGINES
30
Effects of carbon monoxide?
Stops blood from transporting enough oxygen around the body Can cause: ~ Fainting ~ Coma ~ Death
31
Effects of carbon particulates (soot)?
~ Respiratory Problems | ~ Global Dimming
32
Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen effects?
~ Acid Rain ~ Respiratory Problems Causing damage to plants, statues and buildings.
33
5 things humans use natural resourves for
1) Fuel for heating 2) Shelter 3) Food 4) Clothing 5) Fuel for transport
34
How can we replace natural resource products?
We can use agricultural or synthetic products in place of them. E.g - Rubber replaced by man-made polymers
35
3 natural resources that are finite
1) Nuclear fuel 2) Oil 3) Coal
36
Renewable Resources Definition
Resources that reform at a similar, or faster, rate than we use them, e.g timber
37
Why are Finite Resources processed?
To provide materials and energy
38
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Definition
An assessment of the environmental impact of a product over each stage of its life.
39
4 Life Cycle Assessment Stages
1) Raw Materials 2) Manufacturing and Packaging 3) Using The Product 4) Product Disposal
40
Plastic Bag Life Cycle
Raw Materials ~ Crude Oil Manufacturing & Packaging ~ Key compounds extracted by fractional distillation. Using The Product ~ Reusable Product Disposal ~ Recyclable
41
Paper Bag Life Cycle
Raw Materials ~ Timber Manufacturing & Packaging ~ Takes a lot of energy to pulp timber and creates lots of waste Using The Product ~ Single Use Product Disposal ~ Biodegradable and Recylable
42
Life Cycle Assesment Negatives
1) Selective LCA - LCA where some information has been removed to make a product look better. 2) Some factors are hard to measure or depend on a person’s opinion. This can make life cycle assessments biased.
43
Sustainable Development Definition
Meeting the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations.
44
3 ways to improve SUSTAINABILITY
1) Reducing the amount of raw materials used 2) Reusing products instead of throwing them away 3) Recycling products that can’t be reused MINING IS BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
45
Is Copper Ore a finite or infinite resource?
Finite
46
2 ways of extracting from low-grade ores to improve sustainability?
1) Phytomining - Soil containing copper - Copper builds up in leaves - Harvested plants are burned - Ash contains copper compounds - Displacement reaction with scrap iron 2) Bioleaching - Low-grade ore and bacteria mixed - Bacteria convert copper compounds in ore to soluble copper compounds - Becomes leachate solution - Pure copper extracted through electrolysis
47
How does recycling metals help?
Helps save on the large amounts of energy required to mine and extract them
48
Recycling metals pathway
Waste Metal ~> Melted Down ~> Recast Into New Products
49
Recycling Glass Pathway
Waste Glass ~> Seperated by colour and chemical composition ~> Crushed and melted ~> Reshaped
50
Potable Water Definition
Water that is safe to drink Potable water is not chemically pure
51
3 types of water
1) Ground Water 2) Salt Water 3) Waste Water
52
Ground Water Source
Underground rocks
53
Salt Water Source
Sea Water
54
Waste Water Source
Sewage treatment and agricultural systems
55
Ground Water Treatment
Filtered and Sterilised
56
Salt Water Treatment
Desalination
57
Treating Ground Water Pathway
1) Mesh - removes any large debris such as twigs 2) Sand and Gravel filtration - to remove any smaller solid bits 3) Sterilisation - to kill off any harmful bacteria or microbes using chlorine gas, ozone or UV light
58
Two Methods of Desalination
1) Distillation - boiling the water to separate it from dissolved salts 2) Reverse Osmosis - passing the water through a membrane that only allows water molecules through
59
Desalination Negative
Requires a lot of energy
60
Waste Water Treatment Pathway
1) Screening 2) Sedimentation ⬇️ effluent 3) Aerboic digestion of organic matter ⬇️ Released back into environment Or 1) Screening 2) Sedimentation ⬇️ sludge 3) anerobic digestion of organic matter ⬇️ Natural gas or Fertiliser

Chemistry Paper 2 (4 decks)

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