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a-level biology - mr jackson > topic one - cell structure - miss whitehouse > Flashcards

topic one - cell structure - miss whitehouse Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

state three things to do when drawing microscopes?

A

label lines
draw in pencil
informative title

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2
Q

define ‘magnification’

A

how much an image has been enlarged by compared to it’s original object

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3
Q

define ‘resolution’

A

the degree to which you can distinguish two close objects as being separate

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4
Q

formula for magnification?

A

image/actual

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5
Q

what’s light microscope?

A

used to look at whole cells or tissues, focus a beam of lights onto the specimen

ads - cheap and easy to use

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6
Q

LSCM?

A
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7
Q

how to get from nm (nanometres) to um(micrometres)?

A

divide by 1000

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8
Q

how to get from um(micrometres) to mm?

how to get from nm (nanometres) to um(micrometres)?

A

divide by 1000

divide by 1000

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9
Q

what is the average animal cell size?

A

10-50um (micrometres)

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10
Q

what is the average plant cell size?

A

10-100um (micrometres)

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11
Q

what is the average bacterial cell size?

A

1um (micrometres)

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12
Q

what are the two different types of microscopes?

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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13
Q

define ‘TEM microscopes’ and explain how it works?

A

an electron microscope uses a focused beam
of electrons is used instead of light to
“see through” the specimen
the electrons pass through a very thinly
cut specimen and produce 2D images

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14
Q

define ‘SEM microscopes’ and what it does?

A

the beam of electrons is directed onto the specimen through a vacuum, the electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen and are sensed by a detector. these microscope produce 3D images

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15
Q

define ‘LSCM’ and explain how it works?

A

laser scanning confocal microscope

an laser beam is focused onto the specimen the specimen being scanned is tagged with fluorescent dye

when the laser hits the dyes they emit fluorescent light, which is sensed by a detector and produces a clear image

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16
Q

draw and label a light microscope?

A

diagram/check with the one in biology workbook

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17
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘TEM’

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘LM’

A

magnification - up to *500,000
resolution - between 0.05-1nm

magnification - 1500
resolution - 200nm

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18
Q

define ‘a light microscope’

A

use lenses to focus rays of light to

produce a clear image. specimens must be sliced thinly so light can pass through them

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19
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘TEM’?

A

magnification - up to *500,000

resolution - between 0.05-1nm

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20
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘SEM’?

A

magnification - up to *100,000

resolution - 5-50nm

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21
Q

which microscope had the higher magnification, ‘TEM’ or ‘SEM’?

A

transmission electron microscope

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22
Q

which microscope ‘TEM’ or ‘SEM’ has the strongest resolution?

A

transmission electron microscope

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23
Q

Q: a nucleus measures 100mm, with a magnification of x1000 and what is the actual size a nucleus?

A

A: 100000/10000= 10um

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24
Q

practice some magnification questions using the OLC?

A

magnification

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25
define 'graticules'
graticules are measuring devices used in microscopy
26
what are the two types of graticules called?
eyepiece graticules | stage micrometres
27
what is an eyepiece graticules and how does they work?
a smaller ruler etched onto the microscope 's eyepiece, there are no units and it represents different lengths at different magnifications when you increase the magnification the image becomes larger but the actual size of the specimen hasn't changed - the eyepiece scale must be marked for each objective lenses
28
what is an stage micrometre and how does it work?
a special microscope slide etched with a ruler exactly 1mm long, with 100 divisions it is used to calibrate the eyepiece
29
practice calculations using the online curriculum
OLC
30
define 'staining'
any process that helps to reveal or distinguish different features stains may be coloured or fluorescent dyes
31
state the four different types of staining?
acetic orcein stains DNA dark red gentian violet stains bacteria cell wall methylene blue stains nuclei in animal cells haematoxylin and eosin stains are use together in pathology
32
define 'sectioning'
after staining, specimens are in embedded in wax, thin sections can be cut without distorting the structure of the specimens
33
define 'artefacts'
structures that result from the specimen preparation process that are not representation of the tissues original structure
34
what's the benefit of staining cells/tissues?
some stains bind to specific cell structures, staining each structure can be easily identified within a single preparation
35
name 6 features of prokaryotes?
no nucleus only one membrane (cell surface) no membrane-bond organelles (ribosomes) cell wall is made of peptidoglycan smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic DNA is in a single loop called circular chromosomes DNA is naked - not associated with proteins smaller loops of DNA called plasmids respiration occurs infolded parts of the membrane some species have flagella for movement
36
name two features of eukaryotes?
has a nucleus | membrane-bond organelles (mitochondria)
37
draw the three different types of flagella and name them?
check with book and the names are: monopolar bipolar peritrichous
38
draw a prokaryotic cell and label it?
check with biology book
39
what is the function of a cell wall in a bacterial cell?
physical barrier which protects against mechanical damage
40
what is the function of a capsule in a bacterial cell?
protects bacterium from WBC and helps groups of bacteria stick together
41
what is the function of a plasma membrane in a bacterial cell?
acts as a partially permeable layer to control entry/exit of substances
42
what is the function of a pilus in a bacterial cell?
helps cells stick to one another or to surface
43
what is the function of a flagellum in a bacterial cell?
aids movement through fluids by rotation
44
what is the function of cytoplasm?
jelly- like material containing all organisms
45
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise chloroplast's functions?
check biology sheet in book
46
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise the cell wall's functions?
check biology sheet in book
47
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise cilia and undulipodia (flagella) functions?
check biology sheet in book
48
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a centrioles functions?
check biology sheet in book
49
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise lysosomes functions?
check biology sheet in book
50
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise vesicles and vacuoles functions?
check biology sheet in book
51
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a nucleus's functions?
check biology sheet in book
52
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a ribosome's functions?
check biology sheet in book
53
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a cell surface membrane's functions?
check biology sheet in book
54
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise an endoplasmic reticulum functions?
check biology sheet in book
55
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a Golgi body functions?
check biology sheet in book
56
use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a mitochondria's functions?
check biology sheet in book
57
how big is chloroplast?
4-10um
58
how big is lysosome?
0.5um
59
how big is a centriole?
0.2um
60
how big is a nucleus?
10um
61
how big is a ribosome?
0.02um
62
how big is a mitochondria?
2-5um
63
how big is a nuclear pore?
0.1um
64
what organelles does the protein production pass through?
``` nucleus ribosomes RER vesicles Golgi apparatus plasma membrane ```
65
define ‘the protein production’
where the cells make proteins cells are capable of producing many different proteins e.g. hormones, antibodies & enzymes some of these proteins are used inside the cell where they are produced
66
what are the two main stages of protein synthesis & describe what happens in those stages?
transcription - an mRNA (a molecule that carries genetic info to make proteins) molecule is produced from DNA inside the nucleus translation - the code on the mRNA molecule is used to control the production of a polypeptide chain by a ribosome
67
state the three things that happen during protein production?
the protein is made (synthesised) inside the RER & once it has been made on a vesicle it’s pinched off the RER containing the protein the vesicles will transport the protein to the Golgi apparatus the Golgi apparatus may modify/process the protein (e.g. adding carbohydrate groups forms glycoprotein)
68
what is the folded membrane in a golgi/RER called?
cistermae
69
define ‘division of labour’
the specialised function of cell organelles which come together to ensure the cell is capable for surviving as well as performing it’s role in the body
70
describe the 10 step process of the 'protein production)
DNA in nucleoplasm has gene for production of hormone on a chromosome mRNA copy of DNA is made in the nucleus (transcription) mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pore mRNA attaches to ribosome on RER ribosome assembles protein using code from mRNA (translation) vesicle containing protein molecules are pinched off RER vesicle travels to and fuses with Golgi apparatus golgi apparatus modifies/processes and packages protein packaged protein molecules are pinched off in vesicles from Golgi body and move towards plasma membrane vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and releases protein this is called exocytosis
71
define ‘cytoskeleton’ and it's function?
network of proteins filaments running through the cytoplasm provides an internal framework to support the cell (mechanical strength) & to help maintain the cells stage keeps the cells organelles in place, moves organelles & other materials around within the cell ( chromosomes during cell division)
72
name three things that are part of the structure of cytoskeleton?
microtubules: tubular cylinders made from tubulin (18- 30nm) microfilaments: very thin (7nm diameter) rod-like protein strands made from action intermediate filament: made from a variety of different proteins

a-level biology - mr jackson (6 decks)

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