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a-level biology - mr jackson > topic one - cell structure - miss whitehouse > Flashcards

topic one - cell structure - miss whitehouse Flashcards

1
Q

state three things to do when drawing microscopes?

A

label lines
draw in pencil
informative title

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2
Q

define ‘magnification’

A

how much an image has been enlarged by compared to it’s original object

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3
Q

define ‘resolution’

A

the degree to which you can distinguish two close objects as being separate

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4
Q

formula for magnification?

A

image/actual

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5
Q

what’s light microscope?

A

used to look at whole cells or tissues, focus a beam of lights onto the specimen

ads - cheap and easy to use

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6
Q

LSCM?

A
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7
Q

how to get from nm (nanometres) to um(micrometres)?

A

divide by 1000

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8
Q

how to get from um(micrometres) to mm?

how to get from nm (nanometres) to um(micrometres)?

A

divide by 1000

divide by 1000

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9
Q

what is the average animal cell size?

A

10-50um (micrometres)

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10
Q

what is the average plant cell size?

A

10-100um (micrometres)

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11
Q

what is the average bacterial cell size?

A

1um (micrometres)

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12
Q

what are the two different types of microscopes?

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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13
Q

define ‘TEM microscopes’ and explain how it works?

A

an electron microscope uses a focused beam
of electrons is used instead of light to
“see through” the specimen
the electrons pass through a very thinly
cut specimen and produce 2D images

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14
Q

define ‘SEM microscopes’ and what it does?

A

the beam of electrons is directed onto the specimen through a vacuum, the electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen and are sensed by a detector. these microscope produce 3D images

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15
Q

define ‘LSCM’ and explain how it works?

A

laser scanning confocal microscope

an laser beam is focused onto the specimen the specimen being scanned is tagged with fluorescent dye

when the laser hits the dyes they emit fluorescent light, which is sensed by a detector and produces a clear image

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16
Q

draw and label a light microscope?

A

diagram/check with the one in biology workbook

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17
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘TEM’

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘LM’

A

magnification - up to *500,000
resolution - between 0.05-1nm

magnification - 1500
resolution - 200nm

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18
Q

define ‘a light microscope’

A

use lenses to focus rays of light to

produce a clear image. specimens must be sliced thinly so light can pass through them

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19
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘TEM’?

A

magnification - up to *500,000

resolution - between 0.05-1nm

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20
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of ‘SEM’?

A

magnification - up to *100,000

resolution - 5-50nm

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21
Q

which microscope had the higher magnification, ‘TEM’ or ‘SEM’?

A

transmission electron microscope

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22
Q

which microscope ‘TEM’ or ‘SEM’ has the strongest resolution?

A

transmission electron microscope

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23
Q

Q: a nucleus measures 100mm, with a magnification of x1000 and what is the actual size a nucleus?

A

A: 100000/10000= 10um

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24
Q

practice some magnification questions using the OLC?

A

magnification

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25
Q

define ‘graticules’

A

graticules are measuring devices used in microscopy

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26
Q

what are the two types of graticules called?

A

eyepiece graticules

stage micrometres

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27
Q

what is an eyepiece graticules and how does they work?

A

a smaller ruler etched onto the microscope ‘s eyepiece,
there are no units and it represents different lengths at different magnifications

when you increase the magnification the image becomes larger but the actual size of the specimen hasn’t changed - the eyepiece scale must be marked for each objective lenses

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28
Q

what is an stage micrometre and how does it work?

A

a special microscope slide etched with a ruler exactly 1mm long, with 100 divisions
it is used to calibrate the eyepiece

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29
Q

practice calculations using the online curriculum

A

OLC

30
Q

define ‘staining’

A

any process that helps to reveal or distinguish different features
stains may be coloured or fluorescent dyes

31
Q

state the four different types of staining?

A

acetic orcein stains DNA dark red

gentian violet stains bacteria cell wall

methylene blue stains nuclei in animal cells

haematoxylin and eosin stains are use together in pathology

32
Q

define ‘sectioning’

A

after staining, specimens are in embedded in wax, thin sections can be cut without distorting the structure of the specimens

33
Q

define ‘artefacts’

A

structures that result from the specimen preparation process that are not representation of the tissues original structure

34
Q

what’s the benefit of staining cells/tissues?

A

some stains bind to specific cell structures, staining each structure can be easily identified within a single preparation

35
Q

name 6 features of prokaryotes?

A

no nucleus
only one membrane (cell surface)
no membrane-bond organelles (ribosomes)
cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic
DNA is in a single loop called circular chromosomes
DNA is naked - not associated with proteins
smaller loops of DNA called plasmids
respiration occurs infolded parts of the membrane
some species have flagella for movement

36
Q

name two features of eukaryotes?

A

has a nucleus

membrane-bond organelles (mitochondria)

37
Q

draw the three different types of flagella and name them?

A

check with book and the names are:
monopolar
bipolar
peritrichous

38
Q

draw a prokaryotic cell and label it?

A

check with biology book

39
Q

what is the function of a cell wall in a bacterial cell?

A

physical barrier which protects against mechanical damage

40
Q

what is the function of a capsule in a bacterial cell?

A

protects bacterium from WBC and helps groups of bacteria stick together

41
Q

what is the function of a plasma membrane in a bacterial cell?

A

acts as a partially permeable layer to control entry/exit of substances

42
Q

what is the function of a pilus in a bacterial cell?

A

helps cells stick to one another or to surface

43
Q

what is the function of a flagellum in a bacterial cell?

A

aids movement through fluids by rotation

44
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm?

A

jelly- like material containing all organisms

45
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise chloroplast’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

46
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise the cell wall’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

47
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise cilia and undulipodia (flagella) functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

48
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a centrioles functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

49
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise lysosomes functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

50
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise vesicles and vacuoles functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

51
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a nucleus’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

52
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a ribosome’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

53
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a cell surface membrane’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

54
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise an endoplasmic reticulum functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

55
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a Golgi body functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

56
Q

use organelle sheet in biology book to revise a mitochondria’s functions?

A

check biology sheet in book

57
Q

how big is chloroplast?

A

4-10um

58
Q

how big is lysosome?

A

0.5um

59
Q

how big is a centriole?

A

0.2um

60
Q

how big is a nucleus?

A

10um

61
Q

how big is a ribosome?

A

0.02um

62
Q

how big is a mitochondria?

A

2-5um

63
Q

how big is a nuclear pore?

A

0.1um

64
Q

what organelles does the protein production pass through?

A 
nucleus 
ribosomes 
RER 
vesicles 
Golgi apparatus
plasma membrane
65
Q

define ‘the protein production’

A

where the cells make proteins

cells are capable of producing many different proteins e.g. hormones, antibodies & enzymes

some of these proteins are used inside the cell where they are produced

66
Q

what are the two main stages of protein synthesis & describe what happens in those stages?

A

transcription -

an mRNA (a molecule that carries genetic info to make proteins) molecule is produced from DNA inside the nucleus

translation -

the code on the mRNA molecule is used to control the production of a polypeptide chain by a ribosome

67
Q

state the three things that happen during protein production?

A

the protein is made (synthesised) inside the RER & once it has been made on a vesicle it’s pinched off the RER containing the protein

the vesicles will transport the protein to the Golgi apparatus

the Golgi apparatus may modify/process the protein (e.g. adding carbohydrate groups forms glycoprotein)

68
Q

what is the folded membrane in a golgi/RER called?

A

cistermae

69
Q

define ‘division of labour’

A

the specialised function of cell organelles which come together to ensure the cell is capable for surviving as well as performing it’s role in the body

70
Q

describe the 10 step process of the ‘protein production)

A

DNA in nucleoplasm has gene for production of hormone on
a chromosome

mRNA copy of DNA is made in the nucleus (transcription)

mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pore

mRNA attaches to ribosome on RER

ribosome assembles protein using code from mRNA
(translation)

vesicle containing protein molecules are pinched off RER

vesicle travels to and fuses with Golgi apparatus

golgi apparatus modifies/processes and packages protein

packaged protein molecules are pinched off in vesicles
from Golgi body and move towards plasma membrane

vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and releases protein
this is called exocytosis

71
Q

define ‘cytoskeleton’ and it’s function?

A

network of proteins filaments running through the cytoplasm

provides an internal framework to support the cell (mechanical strength) & to help maintain the cells stage

keeps the cells organelles in place, moves organelles & other materials around within the cell ( chromosomes during cell division)

72
Q

name three things that are part of the structure of cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules: tubular cylinders made from tubulin (18-
30nm)

microfilaments: very thin (7nm diameter) rod-like protein strands made from action

intermediate filament: made from a variety of different proteins

a-level biology - mr jackson (6 decks)

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