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GCSE Comb Sci Biology > Topic Seven > Flashcards

Topic Seven Flashcards

Animal

1
Q

Which cells in the nervous system detect changes?

A

receptor cells

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2
Q

Sense organs contain receptors cells. Give one example of a sense organ.

A

e.g. eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin

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3
Q

Which parts of the body cause the response to a stimulus?

A

effectors

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4
Q

Give an example of an effector.

A

one of: muscle, gland

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5
Q

In what form is information transmitted in the nervous system?

A

(electrical) impulses

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6
Q

How are soluble chemical substances (e.g. digested food molecules) carried around the body?

A

in the blood/plasma

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7
Q

Name one hormone produced in the male reproductive system.

A

testosterone

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8
Q

Name one hormone produced by ovaries.

A

one of: oestrogen, progesterone

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9
Q

Which general name is given to an organ that responds to a hormone?

A

target organ

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10
Q

What effect do hormones have on organs that respond to them?

A

change how the organ is working

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11
Q

What is the name for a gland that produces a hormone?

A

endocrine gland

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12
Q

Name the organ that produces oestrogen.

A

ovary

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13
Q

Name the organ at the base of the brain that produces many hormones.

A

pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the name for an organ that is affected by a hormone?

A

target organ

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15
Q

Name an organ that is affected by growth hormone.

A

bones/muscles

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16
Q

How do hormones travel around the body?

A

in the blood

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17
Q

Which hormone brings about changes in a boy’s body during puberty?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

Higher and Triple only- Where is adrenalin made?

A

adrenal glands

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19
Q

Higher and Triple only- Describe one effect of adrenalin on the body.

A

any suitable effect, such as: increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, increases blood pressure, increases blood sugar concentration, dilates pupils

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20
Q

Higher and Triple only- What is the role of thyroxine in the body?

A

to control metabolic rate

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21
Q

What name is given to a substance produced in the body that changes how its target organs work?

A

hormone

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22
Q

Name the endocrine gland that produces testosterone.

A

testis/testes

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23
Q

How does testosterone get from where it is made to its target organs?

A

in blood

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24
Q

Name the hormone that produces changes in girls as they become women.

A

oestrogen

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25
Q

Higher and Triple only- In which gland is thyroxine produced?

A

thyroid gland

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26
Q

Higher and Triple only- What is the function of thyroxine in the body?

A

controls metabolic rate

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27
Q

Higher and Triple only-Which hormone controls the fight or flight response?

A

adrenalin

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28
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which term describes when a change in a system causes the opposite change, returning the system to a normal level?

A

negative feedback

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29
Q

What name is given to the cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that happens every month?

A

menstrual cycle

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30
Q

What name is given to methods that prevent fertilisation?

A

contraception

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31
Q

Which term describes the cycle of changes in a woman’s body that happens about every 28 days?

A

menstrual cycle

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32
Q

On approximately which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg cell released from an ovary?

A

day 14

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33
Q

Name two hormones that help to control the menstrual cycle.

A

two of: oestrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH

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34
Q

State where oestrogen is produced.

A

ovaries

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35
Q

How do changes in the blood concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation?

A

decrease.

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36
Q

Which term describes any method used to reduce the chance of pregnancy?

A

contraception

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37
Q

Give one example of a physical barrier method of contraception.

A

any one suitable method, such as: condom, diaphragm/cap

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38
Q

Which endocrine organ produces the hormones FSH and LH?

A

pituitary gland

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39
Q

A surge in blood concentration of which hormone triggers the release of an egg from an ovary?

A

LH

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40
Q

Which three-letter abbreviation is used to describe a method of increasing the chance of pregnancy by fertilising an egg cell outside the body?

A

IVF

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41
Q

In the menstrual cycle, what usually happens at about day 14?

A

ovulation

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42
Q

What change in the concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone causes menstruation?

A

Concentrations of both hormones decres menstruation? (Concentrations of both hormones decrease.

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43
Q

How does use of a condom during sexual activity help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

prevents sperm reaching the egg

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44
Q

How does the combined contraceptive pill help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

one of: contains hormones that prevent ovulation/reduces chance of sperm reaching egg

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45
Q

Higher and Triple only- A surge in concentration of which hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

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46
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of an egg follicle?

A

FSH

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47
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which hormone treatment can be given to women who rarely ovulate, to increase their chance of ovulation?

A

clomifene therapy

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48
Q

Which term means maintaining a constant internal environment?

A

homeostasis

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49
Q

What effect does eating food have on blood glucose concentration?

A

increases

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50
Q

What effect does exercise have on blood glucose concentration?

A

decreases

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51
Q

Which hormone(s) control(s) blood glucose concentration?

A

insulin, [Higher + Triple only- glucagon]

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52
Q

Which endocrine gland produces this hormone/H these hormones?

A

pancreas

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53
Q

What happens to glucose taken into liver cells as a response to a hormone?

A

changed to glycogen

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54
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

no insulin produced

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55
Q

What type of treatment must someone with type 1 diabetes have for the rest of their lives?

A

injection of insulin

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56
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

either not enough insulin produced, or insulin target cells do not respond properly

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57
Q

Which hormone reduces blood glucose concentration?

A

insulin

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58
Q

What are the target cells for insulin?

A

liver and muscle cells

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59
Q

What is the condition in which a person does not produce insulin?

A

type 1 diabetes

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60
Q

What is the condition in which a person does not produce enough insulin or their target cells do not respond properly to it?

A

type 2 diabetes

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61
Q

What might a doctor suggest diabetics reduce in their diet?

A

sugar/glucose

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62
Q

How is body mass correlated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

A

positive correlation/risk increases as mass increases

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63
Q

How does the body respond to being too cold?

A

shivering/goosebumps/reduction of blood flow near the skin

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64
Q

How does the body respond to being too hot?

A

sweating/increased blood flow near the skin

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65
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the brain

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66
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

In the neck

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67
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

In the kidneys

68
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind the stomach

69
Q

Where are ovaries found?

A

Hip level

70
Q

Where are testes found?

A

Hanging below the penis

71
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

72
Q

Testosterone makes muscles ____

A

grow

73
Q

What effect does muscle growth from testosterone have on the balls and penis?

A

They drop and get larger

74
Q

Testosterone increases/decreases the rate of hair growth

A

Increases

75
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

In the ovaries

76
Q

What cycle is oestrogen responsible for?

A

The menstrual cycle

77
Q

Oestrogen is responsible for the __________ of eggs

A

maturation

78
Q

The pancreas produces _______

A

insulin

79
Q

What is insulin important for?

A

Regulating blood glucose levels

80
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

In the adrenal glands

81
Q

What response is adrenaline important for?

A

Our fight or flight response

82
Q

What does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine

83
Q

What is thyroxine important for?

A

Regulating our metabolism

84
Q

True/False: The pituitary gland is very busy

A

True

85
Q

True/False: FSH is produced in the thyroid

A

False, it is produced in the pituitary gland

86
Q

True/False: LH is produced in the pituitary gland

A

True

87
Q

One of the reasons that periods feel so rubbish is that hormones are literally…

A

all over the place

88
Q

During the menstrual cycle, FSH levels rise and then peak at what point?

A

Ovulation

89
Q

What is the job of FSH?

A

Making the small egg grow up to a larger egg and then be released

90
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Folicle Stimulating Hormone

91
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Leutenising Hormone

92
Q

LH is active for a very long/short period of time

A

short

93
Q

What is the job of LH?

A

To release the egg

94
Q

Estrogen builds up until it stimulates…

A

Leutenising hormone

95
Q

Progesterone builds up slowly as it builds up…

A

the lining of the uterus

96
Q

If there is no egg implanted, progesterone levels will ________ and…

A

decrease, the lining of the uterus will break down

97
Q

There are few/a number of different methods of contraception

A

a number

98
Q

Some contraception methods are ________ whilst others are ___-________

A

hormonal, non-hormonal

99
Q

What does contraception do?

A

Stop a person from getting pregnant

100
Q

True/False: All methods of contraception protect against sexually transmitted diseases

A

False, not all do

101
Q

Why is it important to always use a barrier method of contraception?

A

To protect against sexually transmitted diseases

102
Q

Wearing a condom is what method of contraception?

A

A barrier method

103
Q

What do condoms do?

A

Stop sperm getting the woman pregnant and prevent any sexually transmitted infections being transferred from her to him or him to her

104
Q

The pill and the coil (IUD) are what type of methods to stop people from getting pregnant?

A

Hormonal

105
Q

What do the pill and the coil (IUD) do?

A

Stop the egg from being released/implanted

106
Q

The diaphragm is what method of contraception?

A

A barrier method

107
Q

Why is the diaphragm a barrier method of contraception?

A

It will stop sperm from entering the vagina

108
Q

True/False: The diaphragm protects against sexually transmitted infections

A

False, it doesn’t

109
Q

Why does the diaphragm not protect against sexually transmitted infections?

A

The semen will still be transferred into the vaginal entrance

110
Q

When can someone go to get sterilised?

A

When they are sure that they don’t want to have children

111
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

When you get your tubes tied - it is a permanent method of contraception

112
Q

As a man, having your tubes tied (as a result of a vasectomy) means that…

A

No sperm will get from the testes out to the penis

113
Q

As a woman, having your tubes tied (as a result of a vasectomy) means that…

A

No egg will be released

114
Q

Around how many people find themselves in a position where they are unable to have children naturally?

A

1 in 6

115
Q

True/False: The reason why a couple may not be able to have a child naturally is all because of the female

A

False, half the reason some people are unable to have children naturally is because of male related reasons and the other half is female related reasons

116
Q

What is the obvious advantage of IVF

A

You get a baby out of it

117
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

A

You have to take a large number of drugs for a long period of time

118
Q

With IVF, you have to take a very small/large amount of drugs

A

large

119
Q

With the drugs that you have to take with IVF, you take them over a long/short period of time

A

long

120
Q

True/False: There are no nasty side effects with the drugs you take when going through IVF

A

False, there are lots

121
Q

When going through IVF you have monthly/weekly/daily injections

A

Daily

122
Q

The daily injections that you get with IVF leave you…

A

bruised

123
Q

Give an example of a long term consequence of taking IVF drugs

A

Increases your risk of various different types of cancer

124
Q

IVF is very cheap/expensive

A

expenive

125
Q

True/False: You are guaranteed to get pregnant as a result of IVF

A

False, it doesn’t always work

126
Q

What is the success rate of having a baby as a result of IVF?

A

Around 40%

127
Q

Each round of IVF costs a minimum of…

A

£5,000

128
Q

True/False: IVF is a very costly, time consuming and painful process

A

True

129
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

130
Q

Why do we need to control our blood glucose levels, water levels and temperature?

A

To keep our bodies functioning properly

131
Q

The brain is the _______ ______ of our body

A

control centre

132
Q

Where does the brain send signals to?

A

Various parts of the body

133
Q

True/False: The brain can send signals to the pancreas

A

True

134
Q

When signals are sent from the brain to the rest of our body, what system do they go through?

A

The CNS

135
Q

What does the CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

136
Q

What is the pancreas responsible for?

A

Producing insulin

137
Q

What do the effectors/muscles make the body do?

A

Move

138
Q

Which part of the body makes us shiver?

A

Effectors/muscles

139
Q

What are glands responsible for?

A

The production of hormones

140
Q

Control of blood glucose is very simple/complicated

A

complicated

141
Q

After eating, blood glucose levels fall/rise

A

rise

142
Q

Blood glucose levels rising is picked up by which organ?

A

The pancreas

143
Q

What does the pancreas do in response to blood glucose levels rising?

A

Produces insulin

144
Q

Where is insulin, produced by the pancreas, sent out to?

A

The blood

145
Q

Insulin in the bloodstream causes body cells to do what?

A

Start to remove glucose from the blood

146
Q

What do liver and muscle cells do with glucose from the blood?

A

Convert it into glycogen and store it

147
Q

Removing glucose from the blood causes blood glucose levels to rise/fall

A

fall

148
Q

If blood glucose levels get too low, it is picked up by which organ?

A

The pancreas

149
Q

What does the pancreas do in response to blood glucose levels getting too low?

A

Starts to produce glucagon

150
Q

Glucose that was previously stored in muscle and liver cells starts to return to where when blood glucose levels start getting too low?

A

The blood

151
Q

The stored form of glucose is…

A

glycogen

152
Q

What converts glycogen into glucose?

A

Glucagon

153
Q

Returning glucose after blood glucose levels have gotten too low will make the glucose levels…

A

start to rise again

154
Q

How many different types of diabetes are there?

A

2

155
Q

What are the names of the two types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 and Type 2

156
Q

In type 1 diabetes what organ doesn’t work properly?

A

The pancreas

157
Q

With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas…

A

doesn’t produce the right amount of insulin

158
Q

In type 2 diabetes, cells start to become…

A

insensitive to insulin

159
Q

Give 3 examples of symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Any 3 from loss of weight, an increased need to urinate, being very thirsty, blurry vision, fatigue and hunger

160
Q

True/False: Loss of weight is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

True

161
Q

True/False: An increased need to urinate is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

True

162
Q

True/False: Fatigue is a symptom of type 1 diabetes, not 2

A

False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes

163
Q

True/False: Being very thirsty is a symptom of type 2 diabetes, not 1

A

False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes

164
Q

True/False: Blurry vision is a symptom of type 1 diabetes, not 2

A

False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes

165
Q

True/False: Hunger is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

True

166
Q

Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves…

A

Insulin injections

167
Q

Type 2 diabetes can be treated by…

A

Controlling your diet and exercise

GCSE Comb Sci Biology (9 decks)

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