Topic Three - Society in Transition 1918-1979 Flashcards
1
Q
Changing Role of Women
How many women gained the right to vote in 1918?
A
8.5 million
2
Q
Changing Role of Women
How many women stood as parliamentary candidates and were elected in 1918?
A
- 17 stood
- 1 was elected
- this number remained low in interwar years
3
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did attitudes of the parties limit women in politics?
A
Labour was the most pro-women party
4
Q
Changing Role of Women
How many women worked away from home on farms with the Women’s Land Army in 1944?
A
80,000
5
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did women experience a glass ceiling?
A
In employment - they were unable to secure equal pay to male workers
6
Q
Changing Role of Women
Why were women restricted to part time work?
A
A lack of nurseries made child care inaccessible
7
Q
Changing Role of Women
What % of women were bored of being housewives by late 1950s?
A
50%
8
Q
Changing Role of Women
Name some key legislation for women from 1918-1944.
A
- 1918 ROTPA gave 8.5 million women (over the age of 30 and with property) the right to vote
- 1921 Unemployment benefit now includes wives
- 1928 ROTPA gave women equal voting rights to men
- 1941 TUC pledges itself to equal pay
- 1944 Butler Education Act allows female teachers to marry
9
Q
Changing Role of Women
Name some key legislation for women from 1944-1979.
A
- 1961 Contraceptive pill goes on sale in UK for the first time
- 1967 Abortion Act makes abortion legal under medical supervision, the Family Planning Act
- 1970 The Equal Pay Act cements the principal of equal pay into law
- 1974 Contraception becomes free for women in the UK
10
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did local over national politics limit women 1918-1939?
A
- women were not in line with working class men’s ideologies
- very few women in power
- women in politics were a foreign idea
11
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did conflicts of ideologies limit women in politics 1918-1939?
A
- women in politics was a modern idea
- people pushed against the progression of women in politics
12
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did the structure of the parties limit women in politics 1918-1939?
A
- politics was male dominated
- didn’t allow for women to be in the system
- Labour = most pro-women party
13
Q
Changing Role of Women
Which two committees were established during WW2?
A
- 1940 - Women Power Committee
- 1941 - Bevan establishes Women’s Consultative Committee
14
Q
Changing Role of Women
How did pay progress during the war?
A
- female MPs unable to secure equal pay
- women fought ot earn equal pay compensation for wartime injuries
15
Q
Changing Role of Women
Name three impacts of WW2 on politics for women.
A
- more experienced female politicians meaning men could no longer deny that women were able to work in politics
- women began working together despite differing political views
- male MPs started taking women’s issues more seriously
16
Q
Changing Role of Women
Name four acts which changed women’s home lives in the 1960s and 1970s.
A
- 1967 Family Planning Act
- 1967 Abortion Act
- 1969 Divorce Reform Act
- 1970 Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act
17
Q
Changing Role of Women
What did the 1975 Employment Protection Act do?
A
- introduced statutory maternity provision
- made maternity pay available to all female workers
- made it illegal to fire a women because she is pregnant
18
Q
Changing Role of Women
How many female MPs in 1945-1955 vs 1975?
A
- 1945-1955: 24/630
-1975: 23/635
19
Q
Changing Role of Women
When was the Equal Pay Act introduced?
A
1975
20
Q
Changing Role of Women
What % of lawyers and doctors were women by the 1960s?
A
Lawyers - 15%
Doctors - 5%
21
Q
Changing Role of Women
Name some limitations of WW2 on women.
A
- only allowed non-combat roles
- manual roles over formal roles (ignored skill sets and intelligence)
- practical impacts of the war were limited (women returned to domestic roles)
- female attitudes changed but male attitudes had not
22
Q
Changing Role of Women
Which two services offered shelter to bombing victims?
A
- The Women’s Voluntary Service
- Civil Defence Forces
23
Q
Changing Role of Women
Why did women return to domestic roles after their work in WW1?
A
- pressure from the TUs to give returning men their jobs back
- 1919 Restoration of Pre-War Practises Act
24
Q
Changing Role of Women
When did Women’s Lib meet in Oxford, and what did they fight for?
A
- met in Oxford in 1970 to set an agenda for ‘women’s Lib’
- fought for equal education and equal pay
- free contraception
- free abortions
- healthcare and provision
- promoted feminist literature
25
# Changing Role of Women
How did Trade Unions impact women?
- women joined TU's between 1914-1918: many TUs rejected women or only offered temporary membership
- TUs allowed discrimination in the workplace to continue for women
- the first female leader of the TUC was elected in 2012
- Trade Unions = male dominated until 1980s - made an effort to increase female representation
26
# Changing Role of Women
Which areas had a mainly female workforce during WW2?
- munitions manufacture
- parachute manufacture
- uniform manufacture
- aircraft manufacture
27
# Changing Role of Women
Name two factors which limited women in their marriages.
- 1946 National Insurance Act
- Women's domestic work was not recognised in divorce proceedings
28
# Changing Role of Women
How did women feel about returning to domestic roles after WW1?
most women accepted this
29
# Changing Role of Women
What was quickly re-established after WW1?
the marriage-bar
30
# Changing Role of Women
How did WW2 change work for women?
Women were cconscripted to do 'male work' during WW2 because of a loss of manpower
31
How did the attitudes of women towards work change post-WW2?
the money earned by women during the war led to a change in female aspirations
32
# Changing Role of Women
What impact did WW2 have on the standing of women in society?
- women were not equal to men
- men now accepted women as workers
33
# Changing Role of Women
What impact did the 1950s-60s have on women's employment?
the period cemented women's participation in the workplace
34
# Changing Role of Women
What changes in the 1950s-60s increased women's ability to work?
- Labour-saving devices such as the washing machine enabled women to devote less time to domestic chores
- Shifts in the Labour Market resulted in more part-time or semi-skilled job roles
- part-time work made up the majority of female employment
- Government legislation also prompted female employment
35
# Changing Role of Women
What change to women's roles occured in the 1960s-70s?
- Second-wave feminists challenged marriage as a main life goal for women
36
# Changing Role of Women
How did the media limit progression of women's family life in the 1960s-70s?
- the roles of dutiful wife, mother and homemaker were glamorized in women's magazines
- the reality for many women was dull and isolating
37
# Changing Role of Women
How did Women's work progress overall from 1918-1979?
- women in the workplace saw great advancements
- Both world wars saw a rise in female employment
- ultimately were limited by the glass ceiling of unequal pay
- very few women in white collar sectors of work
38
# Changing Role of Women
How was the ROTPA limiting to women in politics?
- no clear link between the right to vote and political advancement
39
# Changing Role of Women
Who was the first woman elected to the General Council of the TUC, and when?
- Margaret Bondfield
- 1918
40
# Challenging Class Structure
What is the Upper Class?
- a small percentag eof the population
- had great wealth, opportunity and access to elite social events
- owned large amounts of land
41
# Challenging Class Structure
When did the Season end?
1958
42
# Challenging Class Structure
What did the ending of the Season mean for the Upper Class?
- the clear identity and social glue of the Upper Classes was slipping away
43
# Challenging Class Structure
What was the mortality rate like for the Upper Class during WW1?
- higher proportion compared to the other classes
- 20.7% of Old Etonians serving died
- 12.1% of serving soldiers died
- largely due to the Upper Class serving as Officers who were expected to lead from the front during the war
44
# Challenging Class Structure
How did tax for the Upper Class change during WW1?
- faced huge rise in income tax over the course of WW1
- estates worth over £2 millon were dubject to 40% income tax
45
# Challenging Class Structure
How was the political dominance of the Upper Class diminished?
through the rise of the Labour Party
46
# Challenging Class Structure
Why did the Upper Class maintain cultural power?
- the country house lifestyle remained the goal for most Britons
- allowed the Upper Classes to continue to wield cultural power
47
# Challenging Class Structure
What is the Middle Class?
- Neither the cultural elite or the manual labourers
- Split into the Upper Middle Class and the Lower Middle Class
- Lower Middle Class often worked very hard to seperate themselves from the less desirable working class
- Most were homeowners and maintained white collar jobs
48
# Challenging Class Structure
What was the political standing of the Middle Class, and why?
- Lots of the Middle Class backed the Conservatives
- they were very concerned with the working class invading their lives
49
# Challenging Class Structure
What factors drove Middle Class expansion?
- the growth of respectable jobs in STEM
- salaried jobs in management and administration
50
# Challenging Class Structure
How did the Middle Class view themselves?
- modern
- progressive
- financially responsible
51
# Challenging Class Structure
What % of the Middle Class were homeowners by 1939?
60%
52
# Challenging Class Structure
What factor created worry for the Middle Class?
- rising wokring class incomes
53
# Challenging Class Structure
What is the Working Class?
- a mixture of skilled + unskilled workers and criminals
- there was a great divide within the working class between the employed and the unemployed
54
# Challenging Class Structure
How did Trade Union membership change in the 1910s and 1920s?
- between 1914-1918: TU membership rose by 90%
- During the 1920-22 recession: TU membership fell by 40%
55
# Challenging Class Structure
How did the policies of Total War throughout WW2 impact the Working Class?
Rationing during the war promoted Working Class health and boosted life expectancy
56
# Challenging Class Structure
How was housing limited for the Working Class?
landlord took advantage of tenants
57
# Challenging Class Structure
How was the Working Class divided?
- the employed enjoyed rising wages
- the unemployed continued to live in squalor despite government intervention
58
# Challenging Class Structure
What was the political standing of the Working Class in the inter-war years?
- around 1/2 of the working class voted Conservative
59
# Challenging Class Structure
Why were the Working Class passive from the 50s?
growing consumerism
60
# Challenging Class Structure
How did Class Structure change from 1918-1979?
- the rise of mass education and welfare promoted social mobility and blurred class boundaries pre-1979
- mass media further democraticised British society
- Cheaper consumer goods paired with a growth of disposable income (cycle of prosperity) evened out people's access to material goods and leisure pursuits
- By 1979, more people identified as Middle Class owing to a growth in average wealth and income + the rise in white collar jobs
61
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the Permissive/Liberal society?
a society in which social norms became increasingly Liberal, especially with regards to sexual freedom.
62
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Why was the 1960s significant to the growth of The Liberal Society?
- a pivotal decade when legal, medical and social changes led to growth of liberal values
- several laws were passed regarding abortion, birth control, divorce and homosexuality
63
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What impact did WW2 have on traditional values?
- they had been undermined when husbands and wives were seperated
- promoted sex outside of marriage
- encouraged divorce
64
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was 'Married Love'?
- a book by Marie Stopes
- released in 1918
- challenged the reluctance to discuss sex in public
- suggested that women should enjoy sex in their marriage as well as men
65
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the passing of Liberal Laws between 1959-1969 seen as?
a move towards a more 'civilised' society
66
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Why were Liberal Laws limited?
just because legislation was changing doesn't mean attitudes were
67
# Challenges to traditional ideas
How were teenagers impacted by the Liberal Society?
- there was decline in the importance placed on marriage
- there was suggestions that the idea of sexual revolution was exaggerated
- suggestions that promiscuity amongst teenagers was not the norm
68
# Challenges to traditional ideas
When was the Wolfenden Report released?
published in 1957
69
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What did the Wolfenden Report state?
- that the criminalisation of homosexuality was an infringement on Civil Liberty
- that the law should protect the young and other vulnerable individuals by preventing abuse
- that the law should not intrude into matters of personal morality
70
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Why were the recommendations of the Wolfenden Report not implemented until the mid-1960s?
The Cabinet opposed any proposal to implement Wolfenden's recommendations
71
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Why were Liberal Laws controversial?
they looked to change attitudes
72
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1959 Obscene Publications Act?
made it a punishable offence to distribute, circulate, sell, hire, lend or give away any 'obscene material' (material likely to 'deprave and corrupt' an intended audience)
73
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1961 Suicide Act?
- decriminalised the act of suicide
- any third party assisiting in or encouraging suicide was committing a criminal offence
74
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1965 Murder Act?
abolished Capital punishment in Britain
75
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1967 Sexual Offences Act?
- legalised sexual practises between all consenting adults
- across the country there was slow but growing toleration of homosexuality
76
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1967 Abortion Act?
legalised abortion on certain grounds when carried out by registered practitioners
77
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1967 Family Planning Act?
- removed restrictions of medical or marital status on women's access to local authority birth control services
78
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the 1969 Divorce Reform Act?
- made divorce much easier
- to supporters - helped to end years of private suffering and domestic suffering
- to critics - encouraged the break-up of families
79
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Why was Mary Whitehouse significant?
- first became concerned about modern morality
- she joined a group called Moral Rearmament that aimed to 'remake the world'
- she campaigned against pornography and her letters to the governemnt aided in bringing about numerous laws
80
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What did Mary Whitehouse do in 1964?
secured 500,000 signatures on her Clean-Up TV petition, which she sent to the Queen
81
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What did Mary Whitehouse do in 1977?
published a book entitled 'Whatever Happened to Sex?'
82
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Who opposed the Liberal Society?
- religious leaders
- public figures
- Conservative Politicians
83
# Challenges to traditional ideas
Which politician actively opposed the Liberal Society?
- Thatcher
- became increasingly outspoken about her fears for public standards of decency
- complained that 'basic Christian values are under attack'.
84
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What was the Nationwide Festival of Light?
- staged in Hyde Park in 1971
- used to promote Christian Morality
- attracted crowds of over 100,000 people
- had little impact on permissive trends in the media
85
# Challenges to traditional ideas
What types of divides were there in the Liberal Society?
regional divide as well as generational divide
86
# Race and Immigration
What was 1914 British Nationality and Status Aliens Act?
introduced passports to stop wartime espionage
87
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1919 Alien Orders Act?
- immigrants had to gain work permits to work in Britain
- immigrants had to register with the police and maintain lawful behaviour or face deportation
- all black and Asian people placed under threat of deportation
88
# Race and Immigration
How many Jews were there in Britain by the start of WW2?
300,000
89
# Race and Immigration
When and where was 'The Battle of Cable Street'?
- 1936
- East End London which had a large amount of Jewish immigrants
90
# Race and Immigration
Who led the 'Battle of Cable Street'?
- Oswald Mosely and the BUF
91
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1925 Special Restrictions Act?
- 'Coloured Alien Seaman Act'
- forced all non-white seamen to prove their British citizenship to immigration authorities or face deportation
- assumed that all 'coloured' seamen were non-British unless citizenship proved
92
# Race and Immigration
Which groups fought for the rights of ethnic minorities in Britain?
- Communist Party of Great Britain
- The International African Service Bureau
93
# Race and Immigration
When was the 1919 Alien Order Act revoked?
1942
94
# Race and Immigration
How many Poles were recruited work work in Britain post-WW2?
as many as 10,000
95
# Race and Immigration
Which two government agencies advertised posts across the New Commonwealth?
- Transport for London
- the NHS
96
# Race and Immigration
What is the evidence for a growth of immigration in post-war Britain?
1951 - 80,000 total population of ethnic minorities (0.2% of total Uk population)
1961 - 500,000 total population of ethnic minorities (0.8% of total Uk population)
1971 - 1,500,000 total population of ethnic minorities (3.3% of total Uk population)
97
# Race and Immigration
What organisation was set up by the Government to investigate ways to promote racial integration in Britain?
the Inter-departmental Committee on Colonial People in the Uk
98
What did British Universities direct their sociological research to in the 1950s?
the 'colour problem'
99
# Race and Immigration
What did British Universities urge the Labour government to do?
adopt a policy against racial discrimination as racial tensions were growing in the 1950s
100
# Race and Immigration
What were the biggest areas of black settlement in the Uk?
- Liverpool
- London
- Birmingham
101
# Race and Immigration
What were Teddy Boy gangs?
- gangs formed to intimidate black men who were 'taking their women'
102
When was the Notting Hill Race Riot?
1958
103
# Race and Immigration
Why was the Notting Hill race Riot significant?
- the riot escalated across Britain and lasted around 2 months
- more than 100 whit emen were arrested
- The Notting Hill Carnival was founded the following year to promote racial harmony
104
# Race and Immigration
What was the impact of Race Riots?
- exposed the failings of local councils
- led to a re-evaluation of race relations on both sides
105
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act?
- if a voucher proving a job had been secured then residence in Britain was allowed
- dependents were also allowed to come to Britain
106
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act?
- sought to limit immigration levels
- established a 'grandfather clause'
- immigrants must have a British-born parent or grandparent in addition to an employment voucher
107
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1965 and 1968 Race Relations Act?
- established race relations boards
- banned incitement of racial hatred in public places
- made it illegal for landlords to discriminate on racial lines
108
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1971 Immigration Act?
- replaced employment vouchers with 12 month work permits
- more stability and security
- meant that immigrants could only stay in Britain for a limited amount of time
109
# Race and Immigration
What was the 1976 Race Relations Act?
- 3rd Race Relations Act
- toughened laws against racial discrimination
- Set up Commission for Racial Equality
110
# Race and Immigration
Who ran in the 1959 General Election?
- Oswald Mosely for the BUF
- Campaigned against immigration
- Only got 8% of the vote
111
# Race and Immigration
What happened in the 1964 General Election?
- Conservative candidate used a campaign slogan that used derogatory terms against black people
- The candidate won his seat
112
# Race and Immigration
When was The National Front formed?
1967
113
# Race and Immigration
What was the stance of The National Front?
- firmly opposed immigration
114
# Race and Immigration
How many members did The National Front have by the mid-1970s?
- 20,000
- this support collapsed by the end of the decade
115
# Race and Immigration
Who was Enoch Powell?
- a Conservative MP
116
# Race and Immigration
What speech did Enoch Powell deliver in 1968?
'Rivers of Blood'
117
# Race and Immigration
What did the 'Rivers of Blood' speech claim?
- warned of a violent future for Britain if the number of immigrants remained unchecked
118
# Race and Immigration
What happened to Enoch Powell after the 'Rivers of Blood' speech?
- he was fired by Edward Heath the day after the speech
- A petition to stop his termination acrued over 30,000 signatures
119
# Race and Immigration
How popular was Enoch Powell?
an opinion poll showed that over 75% agreed with him on issues raised in his 'Rivers of Blood' speech.
