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MCB 300 exam 2 > Topic6 Microbial Physiology > Flashcards

Topic6 Microbial Physiology Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 cateogories of cellular metabolism?

A

where does the energy come from?

Where does the carbon come from?

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2
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Obtaining energy from light

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3
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

Deriving carbon from CO2

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4
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Deriving carbon from organic compounds

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5
Q

Metabolism of prochlorococcus and spirulina is?

A

photoautotroph

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6
Q

Metabolism of Heliobacillus mobilis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides is?

A

photoheterotrophs

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7
Q

Can fermicute be photosynthetic? if so, ex?

A

Yes- Heliobacillus mobilis

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8
Q

What is chemoorganoheterotroph?

A

Deriving energy from chemical - organic chemical - deriving carbon from organic matter

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9
Q

Metabolism of e.coli?

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

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10
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

Deriving energy from chemicals

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11
Q

What is chemolithoautotroph?

what is another name for this?

A

Deriving energy from chemical- inorganic- fixing their own carbon from co2

lithotrophs

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12
Q

Aquifex, geobacter, and thiobacillus ferroxidans metabolism

A

chemolithoautotroph

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13
Q

What does aquifex oxidize? products/reactants

A

Hydrogen and oxygen yields water and energy

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14
Q

thiobacillus ferroxidans oxidize what?

A

sulfur and iron

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15
Q

sulfur oxidation yields

A

acid

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16
Q

Name 6 elements essential for all microorganisms

A

HCNOPS

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17
Q

oxygen found in what macromolecule, nitrogen in what, silicon, boron, phosphorous, etc.

A

oxygen : dna, rna, lipids, carbohydrates etc. in a cell

boron : signalling

silicon: build diatom- silica oxide around itself
phosphorous: phospholipid, backbone of dna and rna, majority in rna
nitrogen: protein, bases of nucleic acid,

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18
Q

Dicuss effect of replacing elements and give an example.

A

Some can be harmful, some can be harmless

tongston substituting molybdenum

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19
Q

Describe the effect of lead and why it can be harmful.

A

Lead can displace elements that should be there.

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20
Q

Name top 4 elements by dry weight in an organism

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

50,20,12,8%

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21
Q

Name the top macromolecules in a cell

A

protein, rna, lipid,polysaccharide,lipopolysaccharide, dna

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22
Q

Where are the molecules needed to build up the macromolecules coming from?

A

they are intermediates of glycolysis and tca cycle

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23
Q

Is succinyl coa also used as building block?

A

yes

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24
Q

energy used to fuel synthesis of new cells from precursors is provided in the form of?

A

atp

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25
What pathways are precursors made of in different cells?
Same pathways
26
Energy used to fuel precursor synthesis is?
ATP
27
Describe the amount of ATP required to synthesize new cell in different organisms
The amt of ATP is essentailly the same bc the pathways are the same.
28
Name 5 constraints on microbial growth and fitness
1. It more or less takes same amt ATP to make a cell from the same starting substrate. 2. cell yield is proportional to atp yield per mol of substrate 3. Cells making more atp per mol substrate make more progeny per mol substrate 4. cells making more progeny outcompete ones making fewer 5. atp yield is a critical selective force.in microbial competition and evolution - RATE OF ATP SYNTHESIS IS ALSO CRITICAL
29
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
when a high energy substrate donates Pi directly to ADP to make ATP
30
Describe ATP as an energy storage
IT is not for long term energy storage - it is to pass energy. Fast production and usage - balance
31
What is alternative to SLP?
ATP production from ion gradient in energized membrane
32
Describe Electron transport-mediated phosphorylation
ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi via ATP synthase with ion motive force created by the electron transport chain.
33
Describe energized membrane
More positive charge outside - proton or Na
34
Name 4 high energy compounds
phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, acetyl-CoA, acetyl phosphate
35
Name a not as high energy compound
glucose-6-phosphate
36
Why is ATP high in energy?
It is a very strong acid, and the oxygens are charged -1, -1 and -2. The charges repell each other.
37
Why isn't AMP as energetic?
The last bond is a standard ester bond, which is not as energetic as the anhydride bonds
38
What are the 12 major precursor molecules discussed?
Glucose 6 P Fructose 6 P Ribose 5 P Triose phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate acetyl coA oxaloacetate 2oxoglutarate succinyl CoA
39
Does glucose pass through the membrane?
No- they are polar
40
Describe the 3 transporters of the phototransferase system
1. Simple transport- driven by proton motive force 2. Group translocation - transported substance - chemical modification, driven by phosphoenolpyruvate=activated form of transported compound 3. ABC transporter - periplasmic binding proteins involved, energy from ATP
41
ABC transporter means
ATP binding casette
42
One role of ABP transport in cells like e.coli is?
Determination of specificity of transporter for glucose for ex.
43
What does the phosphotransferase system do to accumulate things in the cell?
It puts some kind of charge on the substance, like phosphorylating glucose
44
Where is the phosphate coming from to phosphorylate glucose?
from PEP
45
Why does glucose keep going through the pore when it is acucumulated in the cell?
The concentration of unmodified glucose is low in the cell
46
What are the purposes of 2 rearrangements that occur during glycolysis?
1. to allow cleavage by aldolase 2. to make a high energy intermediate- the rearrangement is pulling the rxn
47
Free energy change of rxn depends on what?
concentration of products and reactants
48
What is the concentration of proton dealt with in biological system?
pH 7, which is 10^-7M proton
49
What does delta G tell you?
direction that a rxn wants to go
50
What does negative delta G mean?
wants to make product
51
Is cleavage of fructose1,6 bisphosphate favorable?
NO- more product than reactant
52
What enzyme links glycolysis and the tca cycle?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
53
Summarize the reaction carried out by tca cycle
It oxidizes acetyl coa into CO2. It also provides ATP and cellular building blocks
54
What group of the CoA attaches to pyruvate?
the sulfhydril group
55
Acetyl coa is a good donor of what?
acetate
56
What are the 2 functions of TCA cycle?
1. energy- oxidize acetate group to acetyl coa 2. biosynthesis- intermediates are important biosynthetic precursors
57
how many times are you going through tca cycle per glucose?
2x bc you have 2 pyruvate, and 2 acetyl coa
58
Biosynthetic pathways are essentially _____ for all organisms
same
59
High energy bonds have what kind of group transfer potential?
high group transfer potential
60
PTS system saves _____ and are found in many what?
ATP, prokaryotes
61
At equilibrium, delta G is
zero
62
Why does PEP have high group transfer potential?
keto-enol tautomerization after transfer
63
Is oxygen involved in glucose oxidation to co2?
no
64
Through glycolysis, pdh, and tca cycle, how many co2, nadh, nadph, and fadh2 are produced? How many ATP?
6co2, 8nadh, 2nadph, and 2 fadh2 4 atp
65
Where is the rest of the energy not accounted for the atp production when comapred to the reaction delta G?
in the reduced cofactors
66
What does the electron tower display?
relative affinity of various carriers for e-
67
Electrons naturally flow from what to what potential? What kind of reactions are these?
from low to high potential. They are exergonic reactions
68
Endergonic reaction flow of electron is from what to what potential?
from high to low potential- it requires energy
69
What is the equation deltaG=-nFdeltaE showing?
relationship of electrical potential energy to chemical potential energy F=96.48kJ/V n=number of electrons
70
What is a rxn for oxidizing NADH?
1/2O2+NADH+H+ =\> H2O + NAD
71
What are the 2 Mitchell's hypotheses?
I. Electron transport creates a proton gradient across the cell membrane II. Energy stored in proton gradient is converted to ATP by ATP synthase
72
What is the net rxn of electron transport chain?
separating the electron from hydrogen, pushing protons out, and letting electron trickle down through electron carriers.
73
What is the unfavorable part of electron transport chain?
taking proton out of the cell, against the electrochemical gradient
74
What is an alternative way to get electron into the quinone pool? What is it coupled to?
oxidation of succinate to fumarate. This is coupled to FAD cofactor
75
What is the goal of electron transport chain/overal result? how many protons are transported out of the cell?
reduction of oxygen, oxidation of nadh, transporting 10 protons out of the cell
76
What does NAD+ carry?
2 e=, 1 proton to become NADH
77
What does FMN carry?
2e-, 2 protons, to become FMNH2
78
How do you convert FMN to FAD?
attach adenine via ester linkage to FMN
79
What does ubiquinone carry?
2 electrons, 2 protons to become ubiquinol
80
where is the oxidized ubiquinone localized to in the cell? why?
membrane, because of its hydrophobic tail
81
What happens to reduced ubiquinol in the membrane?
It remians uncharged- soluble in the membrane
82
Heme and Fe/S cluster containing protein carry what?
only electrons
83
What do you do if you have a compound that is not as oxidizing as oxygen?
couple at earlier step of electorn transport chain= don't have to pump as many protons to reoxidize nadh
84
rotation of waht subunit drives atp synthase?
gamma
85

MCB 300 exam 2 (2 decks)

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